tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-50625753148373036242024-03-19T18:11:21.489+05:30Scientist Information, Scientist and Inventions, Scientist Biography, Scientist Name, Photos, ImageHere is the information about Scientist, Scientist Name, Scientist and Inventions, Famous Scientist Photos with their Names, Scientist Name with their Inventions, Scientist and their Discoveries, Great Scientist of India, World Famous Scientist, Scientist Photo, World Famous Scientist Information, History, Biography, Scientist List, Picture, Wallpaper, Images, Scientist HD Photos Downloads, Scientist information in Hindi, Scientist information in Marathi and GujratiBraj Kishor Singhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17590802576861302441noreply@blogger.comBlogger84125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5062575314837303624.post-4244556034665234542015-06-19T10:57:00.003+05:302015-06-19T11:00:13.901+05:30Alessandro Volta (18 February 1745 – 5 March 1827)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Alessandro Volta</span></b></td></tr>
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<b>Scientist Alessandro Volta</b> was born in Como, Italy, into a noble family. Alessandro Volta was the inventor of the voltaic pile, the first electric battery. In 1775 he invented the electroplates, a device that, once electrically charged by having been rubbed, could transfer charge to other objects.</div>
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Between 1776 and 1778, Volta discovered and isolated methane gas. When Luigi Galvani’s experiments with ‘animal electricity’ were published (1791), Volta began experiments that led him to theorize that animal tissue was not necessary for conduction of electricity. Proof of this theory was the battery, which Volta invented in 1800. He built in 1800 the first electrical pile, or battery – a series of metal disks of two kinds, separated by cardboard disks soaked with acid of salt solutions. This is the basis of all modern wet-cell batteries, and it was a tremendously important scientific discovery, because it was the method found for the generation of a sustained electrical current. Volta built different piles using thirty, forty or sixty elements. This enabled him to study the action of the pile on the electric fluid, depending on the number of elements, and he confirmed that the electric shock increased in intensity with the number of elements used in the pile. If more than twenty elements were used, it became painful. The first piles constructed by Volta comprised alternating zinc and copper discs. Each was separated from its neighbor by a piece of cloth or card dampened by an acid solution. The column was supported by three vertical glass rods.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Alessandro Volta Photos</b></span></td></tr>
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However, regarding Galvani’s biological experiments, Volta effectively rejected the idea of an ‘animal electric fuid’. The Galvani vs. Volta debate was one of the most interesting episodes in the history of science, and was devoid of personal animosity, because Galvani and Volta were both gentleman and friends, and also had high scientific principles. In fact, Volta, who generously coined the term galvanism, wrote that Galvani’s work “contained one of the most beautiful and most surprising discoveries.” Upon demonstrating the workings of the voltaic pile to the French Academy of Science, he was made into a count of Lombardy by Napoleon Bonaparte, he was made into a count of Lombardy by Napoleon Bonaparte, who had dominated that part of Italy.<br />
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The emperor of Austria made him director of the philosophical faculty at the University of Padua in 1815, 12 years before the day he was to die. The Volt as we hear today, was named after Alessandro Volta in 1881 in honour and memory of him.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyCVwnHuUPEjQDdm87ixbWp_j7c2DlTmeUUHqT-IXkASTn7kYso8hh6d3fHlgF9tsbI7rZ93CdV3SGJKi6daFO7UZiZOaGLhYgcZzLJzXAlYjrH4uqzOxwrMoxDCgIUpGz6dTghtubT4A/s1600/Alessandro+Volta+Images.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Alessandro Volta Images" border="0" height="373" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyCVwnHuUPEjQDdm87ixbWp_j7c2DlTmeUUHqT-IXkASTn7kYso8hh6d3fHlgF9tsbI7rZ93CdV3SGJKi6daFO7UZiZOaGLhYgcZzLJzXAlYjrH4uqzOxwrMoxDCgIUpGz6dTghtubT4A/s400/Alessandro+Volta+Images.jpg" title="Alessandro Volta Images" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Alessandro Volta Images</span></b></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3gHNKsdcHfS3-san1kEJLc7xx4NfUbJbpuP_3F9SfHGfB6IuvCSTsQJLhmltbxXqf1TWNlHSoyfswUROJkd4WZ4FCe-pF-AFqaLmt7Y5M-ohATUgQ3e6i1P6LIU6k9EsLMRUuZOwKtrA/s1600/Alessandro+Volta+Pictures.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Alessandro Volta Pictures" border="0" height="245" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3gHNKsdcHfS3-san1kEJLc7xx4NfUbJbpuP_3F9SfHGfB6IuvCSTsQJLhmltbxXqf1TWNlHSoyfswUROJkd4WZ4FCe-pF-AFqaLmt7Y5M-ohATUgQ3e6i1P6LIU6k9EsLMRUuZOwKtrA/s400/Alessandro+Volta+Pictures.jpg" title="Alessandro Volta Pictures" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Alessandro Volta Pictures</span></b></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTHiriYDel22Ag7B7zTTuQebJcexWmpcG0Y325jbRZvrJJFBJI1uLlF8vqFnGl7C9fkbmYaBp6oCYIp_FMwVYZWUKEISQw68kiTMWdV3Sr05TINOXGsgvh5lU7cqVF5OW-tkzeD1XJ7x0/s1600/Alessandro+Volta%2527s++Inventions+Photos.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Alessandro Volta's Inventions Photos" border="0" height="326" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTHiriYDel22Ag7B7zTTuQebJcexWmpcG0Y325jbRZvrJJFBJI1uLlF8vqFnGl7C9fkbmYaBp6oCYIp_FMwVYZWUKEISQw68kiTMWdV3Sr05TINOXGsgvh5lU7cqVF5OW-tkzeD1XJ7x0/s400/Alessandro+Volta%2527s++Inventions+Photos.png" title="Alessandro Volta's Inventions Photos" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Alessandro Volta's Inventions Photos</b></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnb613kRU5Zhcn-hUJShgC8DfqlCf2waKj4nB0eT2Shf6utjP0VWimWg-5t1R1tJ6Kfqtuc7DuqNVvvIZBKhvW2w1rViMtGWL3vvfjpx8eOwqs8lAz6XqEFprpCICLIgwCStfI6mHukEA/s1600/Count_Alessandro_Volta.GIF" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Alessandro Volta Photos" border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnb613kRU5Zhcn-hUJShgC8DfqlCf2waKj4nB0eT2Shf6utjP0VWimWg-5t1R1tJ6Kfqtuc7DuqNVvvIZBKhvW2w1rViMtGWL3vvfjpx8eOwqs8lAz6XqEFprpCICLIgwCStfI6mHukEA/s400/Count_Alessandro_Volta.GIF" title="Alessandro Volta Photos" width="387" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Alessandro Volta Photos</span></b></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyCFhm1rivdvz18a6en_wUo-c4QGD-Tj2ChSVnIyHrOnF3DSnaUHqMmQCJwgEt4sE2oVSdRSfM9RYqbTIGjSUdIh4QXi9b42zEnvhgsmzLjXiC2V_QoQXTBGQ47Ev84Ta10g9xLG9GHTc/s1600/Scientist+Alessandro+Volta+Photo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Scientist Alessandro Volta Photo" border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyCFhm1rivdvz18a6en_wUo-c4QGD-Tj2ChSVnIyHrOnF3DSnaUHqMmQCJwgEt4sE2oVSdRSfM9RYqbTIGjSUdIh4QXi9b42zEnvhgsmzLjXiC2V_QoQXTBGQ47Ev84Ta10g9xLG9GHTc/s400/Scientist+Alessandro+Volta+Photo.jpg" title="Scientist Alessandro Volta Photo" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Scientist Alessandro Volta Photo</span></b></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjz0cHR45LInMeNr74-nO_ic51QQ78PtEffqFSB2VYqsLCXgieF56rSqO_nYIrVNRzug0HJfQ7H4UMbF29ge3Vl43fK0lSoCKCefqNjolVp54dtzjrgeK6JXe-JiqGHry1oiAWto0TKLjs/s1600/Scientist+Alessandro+Volta%2527s+Inventions.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Scientist Alessandro Volta's Inventions" border="0" height="372" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjz0cHR45LInMeNr74-nO_ic51QQ78PtEffqFSB2VYqsLCXgieF56rSqO_nYIrVNRzug0HJfQ7H4UMbF29ge3Vl43fK0lSoCKCefqNjolVp54dtzjrgeK6JXe-JiqGHry1oiAWto0TKLjs/s400/Scientist+Alessandro+Volta%2527s+Inventions.gif" title="Scientist Alessandro Volta's Inventions" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Scientist Alessandro Volta's Inventions</b></span></td></tr>
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Braj Kishor Singhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17590802576861302441noreply@blogger.com75tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5062575314837303624.post-60650688370385118422015-05-10T12:31:00.002+05:302015-05-10T12:31:37.988+05:30Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek (24th Oct.1632–26th Aug.1723)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek </span></b></td></tr>
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Leeuwenhoek ( 1632-1723 ) first encountered magnifying glasses when he was sixteen. He was working in Amsterdam as an apprentice and bookkeeper to a Scottish textile merchant, where magnifying glasses were used to count thread densities for quality control purposes. He is commonly known as “the father of Microbiology” and considered as the first microbiologist.</div>
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In April 1673 he reported his first observations – Bee mouthparts and stings, a human louse and a fungus – to the Royal Society, which was published in philosophical Transactions. He was elected a member of the Royal Society in 1680 and continued his associations, writing hundreds of letters to the Society during his lifetime.<br />
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Experiments on pepper, to discover if its heat was caused by spikes, caused him to put peppercorns in water and let them soften for three weeks. On 24 April 1676 he observed the water and was surprised to see tiny organisms; the first bacteria observed by man.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Antonie's Inventions</b></span></td></tr>
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Leeuwenhoek’s letter announcing this discovery caused such doubt at the Royal Society that he had to enlish an English vicar, as well as jurists and doctors, to confirm that his report was based on true observations. Robert Hooke later repeated the experiment and was able to confirm his discoveries.<br />
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As well as being the father of microbiology, Leeuwenhoek laid the foundations of the plant anatomy and became an expert on animal reproduction. He also discovered sperm, blood cells and microscopic nematodes, and studied the structure of wood and crystals. He developed a way to grind powerful lenses, and made over 400 microscopes to view specific objects, only nine of which survive today.<br />
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His attention was then drawn to spermatozoa in the semen of a man suffering from venereal disease; his student thought that it was a symptom of corruption. Leeuwenhoek was already aware of spermatozoa, and knew it was normal. After an experiment he ‘performed without defiling’ himself he reported the findings to the Royal society in November 1677, requesting them not to publish the letter, believing it would lead to disgust or scandal. They published anyway. He considered this discovery to be one of the most important in his career. Over the next forty years he examined and described the spermatozoa from molluscs, fish, amphibians, birds and mammals, coming to the novel conclusion that fertilization occurred when the spermatozoa penetrated the egg. </div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek doing Invention Photo</b></span><span style="text-align: justify;"> </span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhy_Mmr45-IcnhFImdxjBel7lfRV3wzOoNm_ZpyUQI2Qi3b5CKgbnNEEUCZeFu4ucqmGi3FzS3mlBrwN2fFpvRVUTd4iaJ73OoSOmO1d1bWc2cUsIrq38yVcg48XTQZ0W6iU_AHwspOPGQ/s1600/Antonie+Van+Leeuwenhoek+Thoughts.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek Thoughts" border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhy_Mmr45-IcnhFImdxjBel7lfRV3wzOoNm_ZpyUQI2Qi3b5CKgbnNEEUCZeFu4ucqmGi3FzS3mlBrwN2fFpvRVUTd4iaJ73OoSOmO1d1bWc2cUsIrq38yVcg48XTQZ0W6iU_AHwspOPGQ/s400/Antonie+Van+Leeuwenhoek+Thoughts.jpg" title="Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek Thoughts" width="341" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek Thoughts</b></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnYSjFFOesjqS34gUgugLCxDXpffgk4lWbautd5u5hm2mAhnhDnIvpD5FXrSnOYQLPSU0IEAGBWEbQkJPN-qvQrOPlnDLL5Ln_an35RBlWB_VSxQkKQYiSR9eQb6NL34Wo8mhedGr6bD8/s1600/Antonie+Van+Leeuwenhoek+with+Inventions.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek with Inventions" border="0" height="207" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnYSjFFOesjqS34gUgugLCxDXpffgk4lWbautd5u5hm2mAhnhDnIvpD5FXrSnOYQLPSU0IEAGBWEbQkJPN-qvQrOPlnDLL5Ln_an35RBlWB_VSxQkKQYiSR9eQb6NL34Wo8mhedGr6bD8/s400/Antonie+Van+Leeuwenhoek+with+Inventions.jpg" title="Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek with Inventions" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek with Inventions</b></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjht4LvLl1pTHg4geDO9LDaOtBb9mmIhVT5dXAHDZO08tLVFUGPuJSxLrtG1XK9ne-h8LM5M5sokHJeiwlxsT-Sh7KRT6083y1waOyJjawstfkRvAU7h2zcacxK1FUPal_z1jb0ISvnAE/s1600/Information+about++Microscope+by+Leeuwenhock.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Information about Microscope by Leeuwenhock" border="0" height="271" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjht4LvLl1pTHg4geDO9LDaOtBb9mmIhVT5dXAHDZO08tLVFUGPuJSxLrtG1XK9ne-h8LM5M5sokHJeiwlxsT-Sh7KRT6083y1waOyJjawstfkRvAU7h2zcacxK1FUPal_z1jb0ISvnAE/s400/Information+about++Microscope+by+Leeuwenhock.jpg" title="Information about Microscope by Leeuwenhock" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Information about Microscope by Leeuwenhock</span></b></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixYEvnChyphenhyphenQOJx22TW31IdAoQGJxhiEaABo1_0L0J6DNZefuLlapp7HlNYb87vUJD0-CW5k7YOTfi-xTeb-9I5r6ivDPEucG3GVN0JfzBP9Q6DnZtZI_qh9D981cXjE0nwa36yCv61d3y8/s1600/Microscope+made+by+Antonie+van+Leeuwenhoek.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Microscope made by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek" border="0" height="263" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixYEvnChyphenhyphenQOJx22TW31IdAoQGJxhiEaABo1_0L0J6DNZefuLlapp7HlNYb87vUJD0-CW5k7YOTfi-xTeb-9I5r6ivDPEucG3GVN0JfzBP9Q6DnZtZI_qh9D981cXjE0nwa36yCv61d3y8/s400/Microscope+made+by+Antonie+van+Leeuwenhoek.jpg" title="Microscope made by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Microscope made by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek</b></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOMot-eOMFFPsU7IOu1ESeWEl9h72j3I6EmSdh8S1WK9EGgsub9xZPW8plkFhGZHOi11d9Zrexk6GltrwVyXbha9bWUqpNq-cDWJGLRxsMUg8XHzNi5-7MPhlsja7zaTyWCSwMXa7mSE8/s1600/Replica+of+microscope+by+Leeuwenhoek.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Replica of microscope by Leeuwenhoek" border="0" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOMot-eOMFFPsU7IOu1ESeWEl9h72j3I6EmSdh8S1WK9EGgsub9xZPW8plkFhGZHOi11d9Zrexk6GltrwVyXbha9bWUqpNq-cDWJGLRxsMUg8XHzNi5-7MPhlsja7zaTyWCSwMXa7mSE8/s400/Replica+of+microscope+by+Leeuwenhoek.jpg" title="Replica of microscope by Leeuwenhoek" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Replica of microscope by Leeuwenhoek</b></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCkMBrRLDYGtAWr_kzFHaufycMq9h70Z2GUxS4lWmjh3dAsPSkvr9zLwXEqovYkMvAllcKzMvdTTc5DSv7zUCbB3vpMFJBhw-oCdnMNb_1Lvtjq4Ja5hwP5FElRESMMhEu7MI2Hbr8aY0/s1600/Scientitst+Antonie+Van's%2BInventions.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Scientitst Antonie Van's Inventions" border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCkMBrRLDYGtAWr_kzFHaufycMq9h70Z2GUxS4lWmjh3dAsPSkvr9zLwXEqovYkMvAllcKzMvdTTc5DSv7zUCbB3vpMFJBhw-oCdnMNb_1Lvtjq4Ja5hwP5FElRESMMhEu7MI2Hbr8aY0/s400/Scientitst+Antonie+Van's%2BInventions.jpg" title="Scientitst Antonie Van's Inventions" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Scientitst Antonie Van's Inventions</span></b></td></tr>
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Braj Kishor Singhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17590802576861302441noreply@blogger.com23tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5062575314837303624.post-21871161320579507452015-04-22T13:20:00.000+05:302015-04-22T13:20:30.992+05:30Antoine Henri Becquerel (15 Dec.1852 – 25 Aug.1908)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvhbbXNW6oDG5vzZX5yGhQRhe9WwSBoCPvpiYkKXwO-Ash8kQLJHTh5DaTILz-lnkUN3jgr4RzH1Xp65YBEm-b0c38FLo8gN7M2Zcy8HUYZgClMzeoL8ozv0Szu_V2WObHMhb7NE9FUo8/s1600/Antoine+Henri+Becquerel.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Antoine Henri Becquerel" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvhbbXNW6oDG5vzZX5yGhQRhe9WwSBoCPvpiYkKXwO-Ash8kQLJHTh5DaTILz-lnkUN3jgr4RzH1Xp65YBEm-b0c38FLo8gN7M2Zcy8HUYZgClMzeoL8ozv0Szu_V2WObHMhb7NE9FUo8/s1600/Antoine+Henri+Becquerel.jpg" height="280" title="Antoine Henri Becquerel" width="220" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Antoine Henri Becquerel</span></b></td></tr>
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<b>Antoine Henri Becquerel </b>was born in one of the world’s most beautiful city, Paris, On December 15, 1852. His father, <b>Alexandre Edmond Becquerel</b> (1820-91), his grandfather, <b>Antoine Cesar Becquerel </b>(1788-1878) and his son Jean Becquerel (1878-1953) too, were all scientists. Thus, Henri was born in a well-educated and cultured family of scientists. After his early schooling at the Lycee Louis-Le-Grand, Henri received his formal scientific education at the Ecole Polytechnique (1872-74) and had engineering training at the Ecole des Ponts et Chaussees (Bridges and Highways School 1874-77).<br />
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In addition to his teaching and research posts, Becquerel worked as an engineer in the Department of Bridges and Highways for many years, being appointed chief engineer in 1894. He took up his first academic position in 1876 as assistant teacher at the Ecole Polytechnique, where in 1895 he succeeded to the chair of physics. Concurrently, he was assistant naturalist to his father at the museum, where he also assumed the physics professorship upon his father’s death. Becquerel studied the effects of radioactivity and radioactive decay. In this study he found that when ultraviolet light fall on the material, it tries to absorb the radiation energy. Due to this, electromagnetic radiations are emitted. The material radiates if it is in an excited state with the help of electromagnetic radiations of if it is made up of highly charged and energized particles. Till the energy to radiate is present in an object, the event or phenomenon is visible. This is known as phosphorescence. When the object stops radiating light it gets into a state called radioactive delay when there is no radiation visible.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Antoine Henri Becquerel Photo</span></b></td></tr>
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<b>Becquerel</b> then concerned himself with infrared radiation, examining, among other things, the spectra of different phosphorescent crystals under infrared stimulation. He extended the work of his father by studying the relation between absorption of light and phosphorescence in some uranium compounds. In 1891, his father Alexandre died and in his place Henri Becquerel was appointed. He extended the research in the field. He used the sun as the sole energy source. He never had any sophisticated or costly instruments for his research. Some salt crystals of uranium, or a some photographic plates and the never ending source of light – the sun was all he had. Becquerel would store photographic plates from light in his drawer wrapped in a thick black paper. One day, when it was unusually cloudy with no sight of the sun, he wrapped a small specimen of the element in the black paper around the photographic plate which was unexposed, and left for home. Next day he returned to check the plates. Becquerel wondered whether some unknown rays like X-rays discovered by Roentgen earlier, had left behind their traces on the photographic plates. He studied the plates and after developing then found the traces. He came to a conclusion that uranium and potassium sulphate have some kind of radioactive substance that leave behind traces on a photographic plate.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Henri Becquerel's Lab</span></b></td></tr>
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<b>Becquerel</b> rechecked his experimental results and finally arrived at the conclusion that uranium salts constantly radiate some rays which effect photographic plates. This was indeed a new and wonderful discovery. Exactly after one year after the discovery of the famous X-rays, Becquerel announced this discovery. Becquerel’s co-researchers termed them as Becquerel rays. In 1898, Madam Curie renamed these radiations as radioactive rays and the corresponding activity as radioactivity. Radioactive rays consist of (positively charged) Alpha particles, (negatively) beta particles and uncharged gamma rays.<br />
Other scientists were drawn to studies of radiation phenomenon due to Becquerel’s researches. His contemporaries Pierre and Marrie Curie achieved remarkable success in the field. They discovered new radioactive elements thorium, polonium and radium, which was several times more radioactive than uranium.<br />
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In 1903, Henri Becquerel shared the Nobel Prize for Physics with Pierre and Marie Curie. The last decade of the nineteenth century saw many important discoveries. Further research was carried out after the discovery of Becquerel rays. In 1897, Sir Joseph John Thomson analysed the radioactive rays and discovered negatively charged beta particles. Thereafter, Ernest Rutherford and other scientists studied alpha particles and proved that they are positively charged. Paul Villard discovered gamma rays which are electromagnetic radiations of very short wavelength and have maximum penetrating power among alpha, beta and gamma rays.<br />
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<b>This great scientist</b> died at the age of 56 on August 25, 1908, at Le Croisic, France. His discovery of radioactivity has been of vital importance and utility to us, even today. Radioactive isotopes have many applications. Geo-physicists in particular, have found multipurpose utility of it. With the help of isotopes, they can determine the age of earth, rocks, mountains and oceans. Apart from this, important and useful information about comets, moon rocks and rocks from Mars and other planets can be obtained. They can determine the precise age of the rocks. The physical Research Laboratory based at Ahmadabad, has developed the facility to determine the exact age of any sample including the age of archaeological specimen. It has been developed as a national facilitation centre. One can send any sample to this centre to know its exact age. In times of peace, such radiations are used to develop new methods for the benefit of industries, medical sciences and agriculture. <br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Antoine Henri Becquerel Pictures</span></b></td></tr>
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Braj Kishor Singhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17590802576861302441noreply@blogger.com15tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5062575314837303624.post-4464851668192800552015-03-18T13:44:00.000+05:302015-04-15T10:47:26.472+05:30Thomas Alva Edison ( 11th Feb 1847 - 18 Oct 1931 )<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHLS11f18R1gvR9_we-oL4h0frrbnYEAs1DkAh4fc7oydOLB6BQpxRDalrbmeNmnUgNt74mUy0vuHeY-OZG_-x6m4hJxBMWPntDLc5KPxfjDWHUNjIb42m9-_mUVxbT3aLu6f94ISUCgg/s1600/Scientist+Thomas+Alva+Edison.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Scientist Thomas Alva Edison" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHLS11f18R1gvR9_we-oL4h0frrbnYEAs1DkAh4fc7oydOLB6BQpxRDalrbmeNmnUgNt74mUy0vuHeY-OZG_-x6m4hJxBMWPntDLc5KPxfjDWHUNjIb42m9-_mUVxbT3aLu6f94ISUCgg/s1600/Scientist+Thomas+Alva+Edison.jpg" height="260" title="Scientist Thomas Alva Edison" width="200" /></a></div>
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The great scientist who invented the electric light bulb and many other important devices – <b>Thomas Alva Edison</b>, was born on February 11, 1847, at Milan, Ohio, in the United State of America. He came from a poor family. His parents admitted him to the local primary school. This inquisitive child always posed questions to his teachers. But his teachers instead of providing him with answers considered him stupid and rejected him. Finally, his self-respecting mother stopped his schooling and took upon herself the task of teaching him. Coupled with this, Edison loved to experiment. He would experiment with any object he could lay his hands on.<br />
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After getting permission from his father, at the age of 12, Edison started selling newspapers in trains. He would travel the 96 km distance from Huron port to Michigan City and sell newspapers. He liked his work, besides it brought him money. In 1869, he purchased a printing press. In a railway compartment he would print his journal Grand Trunk Herald. Most of the contest was written by him. He would also perform experiments during his spare time. During one such experiment, phosphorus fell on the floor and the compartment got engulfed in the fire. The rail guard arrived and threw out all the contents of his laboratory. The enraged guard slapped Edison due to which he was left short of hearing in one ear.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivRaJjjhqKaVHdiqve1NJ1BOzA4hy_q9o7nIqiR1KTjxtsoGueNfuvops93ve9DZcXBIe1usGo6eZn4P-iOqZ_PA66YEuCQX8PQslnxhL-J7ZzJ5LVGA7GeM5_UQCExl2Lpsf2J9h5NP8/s1600/Scientist+Thomas+Edison.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Scientist Thomas Edison" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivRaJjjhqKaVHdiqve1NJ1BOzA4hy_q9o7nIqiR1KTjxtsoGueNfuvops93ve9DZcXBIe1usGo6eZn4P-iOqZ_PA66YEuCQX8PQslnxhL-J7ZzJ5LVGA7GeM5_UQCExl2Lpsf2J9h5NP8/s1600/Scientist+Thomas+Edison.jpg" height="250" title="Scientist Thomas Edison" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Scientist Thomas Edison</span></b></td></tr>
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It seemed as if the world had come to an end. But Edison didn’t admit defeat and give up. It came as a blessing in disguise. Now he started selling newspapers at the station itself. He gradually got interested in electricity. His experience with engines and railroad repair shops turned his thoughts towards machines and inventions. One bright morning Edison was talking to the telegraph operator Mackenzie, whose little son Jimmie was playing at the station. In the middle of the conversation, Edison saw the little baby crawling along the stony track, in front of a small box-car. Edison realized the danger and rushed towards the child. He seized the child and jumped to safety, but the car struck him on the legs and ear. It was the second blow on his ear. As a reward for the brave deed, Mackenzie offered to teach Edison telegraphy and promised him a job on the line. A thrilled Edison grabbed the opportunity. He was lucky to have an offer for a paid job at the Port Huron telegraph office and at a station in Canada, on the Grand Trunk Railway. Every hour he had to send ‘signal six’ which proved that the operator was awake. The signal came through from Edison’s station exactly at the correct time. But attempts to get him over his own phone frequently failed. One night an official came to check and found Edison fast asleep. Beside him was a mechanism connecting the telegraph with the clock and when the clock struck the hour, the small machine sent the signal over the wire. He was fired. After work hours, he used his time to develop a ‘Vote Recorder’ which worked on electricity.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiT48rZFndgAJt42CaHkLakCd1r7a7j4xRVsUaI16SV1DUohJJIonEA1pbPyAcw_vmcFY5irL4cd-GYOh4TqQdPjvGARM11xt23D6FEFLz5TAjd_sxXzK7YLSB0XO3nOtNg2h-XzsALi7c/s1600/Thomas+Edison+Images.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Thomas Edison Images" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiT48rZFndgAJt42CaHkLakCd1r7a7j4xRVsUaI16SV1DUohJJIonEA1pbPyAcw_vmcFY5irL4cd-GYOh4TqQdPjvGARM11xt23D6FEFLz5TAjd_sxXzK7YLSB0XO3nOtNg2h-XzsALi7c/s1600/Thomas+Edison+Images.jpg" title="Thomas Edison Images" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Thomas Edison Images</span></b></td></tr>
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After a few days, he decided to move to New York for the better opportunities. But life was not easy. Finding a job was difficult. While searching for a job, he landed up at a company office, which sold information to its clients about stock exchange rates through its machines. One of their machines, ‘Gold Indicator’ had broken down. Edison checked the machine and repaired it in minutes. The manager was pleased and immediately offered him a job besides rewarding him for his repair work. With this money he started a workshop in New Jersey. In association with another engineer, he developed a telegraphic equipment which fetched him a good price.<br />
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In 1876, he went to Menlow Park and improved upon the telephone invented by Alexander Graham Bell, by providing better sound quality by inventing carbon granule microphone. He also went on to invent a talking machine called the Phonograph. This machine could reproduce the pre-recorded sounds on a steel disc revolving on it. A German scientist improved the machine and made the gramophone in 1887. Edison gained quite a bit of reputation with his phonograph. But the height of his popularity came with the invention of the electric light bulb. In 1879, with the help of 30 assistants, he organized a public demonstration. He had covered a part of Menlow Park with electric light bulbs. The spectators were taken aback when he switched on the bulbs. The next morning the New York Herald published the news of this wonderful invention and Thomas Alva Edison became a famous man.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtpin3EPPwEsX1Bk3kisylfw1bkJF2iIJEOq5I8fY3i8CVMBgPYdHIyfuPsnh94zgiQVLEVOhOKHdWdalYAht3Ap2rCBAZ0c64AXGgARD_6_IpLND8O0pIYFXt0kwNKwebJ7RIGAslCB4/s1600/Thomas+Edison+Childhood+Photo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtpin3EPPwEsX1Bk3kisylfw1bkJF2iIJEOq5I8fY3i8CVMBgPYdHIyfuPsnh94zgiQVLEVOhOKHdWdalYAht3Ap2rCBAZ0c64AXGgARD_6_IpLND8O0pIYFXt0kwNKwebJ7RIGAslCB4/s1600/Thomas+Edison+Childhood+Photo.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Thomas Childhood Photo</span></b></td></tr>
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Within two years he again surprised the world with yet another spectacular invention. This time it was the kinetograph, a kind of movie camera. He even created a machine that could project visuals on a screen, which he called Kinetoscope. He connected the phonograph with it and projected audio-visual images on the screen.</div>
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This genius had 1069 patents to his credit. He had noted down the intricacies of his inventions in about 3500 notebooks. It is most surprising that this scientist was not awarded a Nobel Prize for his inventions, though he is considered as the greatest inventor of all times. In 1914, at the age of 67, Edison expressed his gratitude towards his nation by gifting the American Army with about 40 useful inventions.</div>
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On October 18, 1931, Edison died at the age of 84. He was buried at West Orange in New Jersey. This great inventor was honoured across America when electric light bulbs across the nation dimmed for a minute. He had worked his way up with great difficulty. He believed that his success was 1 % inspiration and 99% perspiration. We are grateful to this self-made man who made this world a better place with hard work and perseverance, aided with extraordinary genius.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMjPNEtNN3RfztE8FY3vBUygwM7qOd4ZKG0MKTUjF-GkL_Wl3X5qE2pLnnxafxRv48qTx0lJyQcKDrPR3C0RzgA0KTkyz1rjYwohlaCEdPt33VoUUlDBMHJl456kKPHC3VfWtU0fSuGhU/s1600/Famous+Scientist+Thomas+Edison+Images.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Famous Scientist Thomas Edison Images" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMjPNEtNN3RfztE8FY3vBUygwM7qOd4ZKG0MKTUjF-GkL_Wl3X5qE2pLnnxafxRv48qTx0lJyQcKDrPR3C0RzgA0KTkyz1rjYwohlaCEdPt33VoUUlDBMHJl456kKPHC3VfWtU0fSuGhU/s1600/Famous+Scientist+Thomas+Edison+Images.jpg" height="330" title="Famous Scientist Thomas Edison Images" width="520" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Famous Scientist Thomas Edison Images</span></b></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqNRAX3SEBbjbiE5Vx-kykmlnz8KIQ0A4IujHt4A3iqsUFkFgdeNxYDEzT4bmnLIDP3vp8-g4ge0lEs1u-7iR7a9Ce55nTT95GAw6FHYIi3U04LfVpjmbPF-5V22MFXhTvLsfJJBk-fNE/s1600/Great+Scientist+Thomas+Edison+Images.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Great Scientist Thomas Edison Images" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqNRAX3SEBbjbiE5Vx-kykmlnz8KIQ0A4IujHt4A3iqsUFkFgdeNxYDEzT4bmnLIDP3vp8-g4ge0lEs1u-7iR7a9Ce55nTT95GAw6FHYIi3U04LfVpjmbPF-5V22MFXhTvLsfJJBk-fNE/s1600/Great+Scientist+Thomas+Edison+Images.jpg" height="330" title="Great Scientist Thomas Edison Images" width="520" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Great Scientist Thomas Edison Images</span></b></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjH5rhEUuwkZfXJ171o3J8aTgPkVa0llahRrZL7cj7Yfz2MpN0Wn26wMR8Vef_WnwLZ_CQKCV77HOlt5p2IynOXZZRItLXIRAD12wOVX4z14US5Ye6RGkFVM6FnussDAyNzMyeJTH_IvxU/s1600/Great+Scientist+Thomas+Edison+Photo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Great Scientist Thomas Edison Photo" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjH5rhEUuwkZfXJ171o3J8aTgPkVa0llahRrZL7cj7Yfz2MpN0Wn26wMR8Vef_WnwLZ_CQKCV77HOlt5p2IynOXZZRItLXIRAD12wOVX4z14US5Ye6RGkFVM6FnussDAyNzMyeJTH_IvxU/s1600/Great+Scientist+Thomas+Edison+Photo.jpg" height="330" title="Great Scientist Thomas Edison Photo" width="520" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Great Scientist Thomas Edison Photo</span></b></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiGyd9vwPmabcF7iBUV_z86Z6dOs_9mpE2N6v0ERW52fdkcFbc_S37RscxqAmb4oKwMGhh_4dKiQeOeWt9GbAO7m6f50q6QMI8zL07jRSjq7kxbd20Md51t_O-sg-Je8QWakDSIaZN5jw/s1600/Scientist+Thomas+Alva+Edison+Photo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Scientist Thomas Alva Edison Photo" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiGyd9vwPmabcF7iBUV_z86Z6dOs_9mpE2N6v0ERW52fdkcFbc_S37RscxqAmb4oKwMGhh_4dKiQeOeWt9GbAO7m6f50q6QMI8zL07jRSjq7kxbd20Md51t_O-sg-Je8QWakDSIaZN5jw/s1600/Scientist+Thomas+Alva+Edison+Photo.jpg" height="330" title="Scientist Thomas Alva Edison Photo" width="520" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Scientist Thomas Alva Edison Photo</span></b></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyxhIV8PLfYPh_He6em6MBUEttlUTlvvxI6ZgRWyZe2UIngdUgU1kNseRrdnFRgJtonPE2CP1VH7G5OEetJYAdKgNLmonVFeCYqiKTIkNaEjdx0oTFPyQUfULMv5Swj2cPpaj2UfZ7ds0/s1600/Scientist+Thomas+Edison+Photo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Scientist Thomas Edison Photo" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyxhIV8PLfYPh_He6em6MBUEttlUTlvvxI6ZgRWyZe2UIngdUgU1kNseRrdnFRgJtonPE2CP1VH7G5OEetJYAdKgNLmonVFeCYqiKTIkNaEjdx0oTFPyQUfULMv5Swj2cPpaj2UfZ7ds0/s1600/Scientist+Thomas+Edison+Photo.jpg" height="330" title="Scientist Thomas Edison Photo" width="520" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Scientist Thomas Edison Photo</span></b></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBf7QAn0pfI7N-FhlUGgiUODaCh9voDOQyM_w_AMl0-woU7oPWoYvUPeGKenC4Yt3twsVvz1ZHfioLiyPHhqwS5iNSiFuVBVlBROzSphY9CbvWowo40I1tiezjbkU4MPB4nFWnPLvnHtM/s1600/Scientist+Thomas+Edison+Pictures.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Scientist Thomas Edison Pictures" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBf7QAn0pfI7N-FhlUGgiUODaCh9voDOQyM_w_AMl0-woU7oPWoYvUPeGKenC4Yt3twsVvz1ZHfioLiyPHhqwS5iNSiFuVBVlBROzSphY9CbvWowo40I1tiezjbkU4MPB4nFWnPLvnHtM/s1600/Scientist+Thomas+Edison+Pictures.jpg" height="330" title="Scientist Thomas Edison Pictures" width="520" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Scientist Thomas Edison Pictures</span></b></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3kQl-FdkrRc8DQKfr6Idm9kd6MxF-nL69Wg5MvZSk0exsI2QU-7S_67gyi_792K9JB_PpVWT9WJ4YV7cW8jkCiuulKXARK8_5TtxkSTluZV_FVC1hy1s6doemBpLUp9cmUPEMoqtRakE/s1600/Thomas+Alva+Edison+Photo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Thomas Alva Edison Photo" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3kQl-FdkrRc8DQKfr6Idm9kd6MxF-nL69Wg5MvZSk0exsI2QU-7S_67gyi_792K9JB_PpVWT9WJ4YV7cW8jkCiuulKXARK8_5TtxkSTluZV_FVC1hy1s6doemBpLUp9cmUPEMoqtRakE/s1600/Thomas+Alva+Edison+Photo.jpg" height="330" title="Thomas Alva Edison Photo" width="520" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Thomas Alva Edison Photo</span></b></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijXqVbcSXspzmwSMTxNE8m_sPdCC9hV-W65FpV8doOCExCfZqYI20BS2jSEUBvhnqqjoqhmZr0M3KejFdpE1Mp9bWmV3h_Jmn4jiVPA59zGBv8FSYCVzSqDJoluS4nzLrIlpPTlT-xk7A/s1600/Thomas+Alva+Edison's%2BFamily.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Thomas Alva Edison's Family" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijXqVbcSXspzmwSMTxNE8m_sPdCC9hV-W65FpV8doOCExCfZqYI20BS2jSEUBvhnqqjoqhmZr0M3KejFdpE1Mp9bWmV3h_Jmn4jiVPA59zGBv8FSYCVzSqDJoluS4nzLrIlpPTlT-xk7A/s1600/Thomas+Alva+Edison's%2BFamily.jpg" height="330" title="Thomas Alva Edison's Family" width="520" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Thomas Alva Edison's Family</span></b></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgk9m42-e7uR4mqjqnFOgPpHiuZuGhRpfkbauT0DTJNmbJO8nyHfBeNkYu8ceJBzwt83g9TgInA1_yrBVYelHo-jTBOjMWLr1ENh8CEXIAU8VEUjJGhr29G_CzaAofT47tki-n95v3UY1w/s1600/Thomas+Alva+Edison's%2BInventions.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Thomas Alva Edison's Inventions" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgk9m42-e7uR4mqjqnFOgPpHiuZuGhRpfkbauT0DTJNmbJO8nyHfBeNkYu8ceJBzwt83g9TgInA1_yrBVYelHo-jTBOjMWLr1ENh8CEXIAU8VEUjJGhr29G_CzaAofT47tki-n95v3UY1w/s1600/Thomas+Alva+Edison's%2BInventions.jpg" height="330" title="Thomas Alva Edison's Inventions" width="520" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Thomas Alva Edison's Inventions</span></b></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpfnUdg-F47hGTJoe4RM798whejCXgPLlr5Q304iHHpXxH6Wsbvve0liiI3opZ6cISsGIJHOxaQkoVw5r068riLjBEnsmk3952VUQHpsV2JXF_yM5B3bGxqA4Li7S3Z_AEZC7XUubznOo/s1600/Thomas+Alva+Edison.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Thomas Alva Edison" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpfnUdg-F47hGTJoe4RM798whejCXgPLlr5Q304iHHpXxH6Wsbvve0liiI3opZ6cISsGIJHOxaQkoVw5r068riLjBEnsmk3952VUQHpsV2JXF_yM5B3bGxqA4Li7S3Z_AEZC7XUubznOo/s1600/Thomas+Alva+Edison.jpg" height="300" title="Thomas Alva Edison" width="520" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Thomas Alva Edison</span></b></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgm9rGTb1FDP_40S6W6wYvM3FgtTNbekPJ9dWatCl8jKSk5pRr5Pp3cr1nxMt-aD47IA8Ak9pNOnEqOEbCBXwJMrlIhq8k-pSQgiGibfYmS-osVGJ-LgFVaZIImbgMTKII6G4QRFK9OO4M/s1600/Thomas+Edison+Snapshot.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Thomas Edison Snapshot" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgm9rGTb1FDP_40S6W6wYvM3FgtTNbekPJ9dWatCl8jKSk5pRr5Pp3cr1nxMt-aD47IA8Ak9pNOnEqOEbCBXwJMrlIhq8k-pSQgiGibfYmS-osVGJ-LgFVaZIImbgMTKII6G4QRFK9OO4M/s1600/Thomas+Edison+Snapshot.jpg" height="500" title="Thomas Edison Snapshot" width="425" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Thomas Edison Snapshot</span></b></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_NejmwplE6OiE-Y0Brj7mVz3Jmax1s_dV_yK1Bx_mXqJOBlC_wUVLhfcXQ_acVdCyX5V5q4W-rc67QbCIjRNA-mtPf1NPhqIPbxcBSgKDfbU-pO4pnR2-Ce1GWEbA74STD9ulDGyHVdI/s1600/Thomas+Edison's%2BPhoto.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_NejmwplE6OiE-Y0Brj7mVz3Jmax1s_dV_yK1Bx_mXqJOBlC_wUVLhfcXQ_acVdCyX5V5q4W-rc67QbCIjRNA-mtPf1NPhqIPbxcBSgKDfbU-pO4pnR2-Ce1GWEbA74STD9ulDGyHVdI/s1600/Thomas+Edison's%2BPhoto.jpg" height="400" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Thomas Edison's Photo</b></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxIk0FNwRyIWrFPDRPmGGc4FdBtnPiiRL_kxyOyMETtetDFA_asv15H0W-vYzzoRTVo5aLKdrZTKzxTzUF56S15zxAu-VzYACHrCGTa5IKbqQpYHnp-r3is0wi2SZv6l-BzfYLiGWsZ_U/s1600/Thomas+Edison's%2BQuote.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Thomas Edison's Quote" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxIk0FNwRyIWrFPDRPmGGc4FdBtnPiiRL_kxyOyMETtetDFA_asv15H0W-vYzzoRTVo5aLKdrZTKzxTzUF56S15zxAu-VzYACHrCGTa5IKbqQpYHnp-r3is0wi2SZv6l-BzfYLiGWsZ_U/s1600/Thomas+Edison's%2BQuote.jpg" height="316" title="Thomas Edison's Quote" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Thomas Edison's Quote</span></b></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiy0AgHeCm9qCQUoP8By9cNnLvfLpzorB8k-laKeJGHzDq8E9f2ySFs1UxiKkpjNpYk0cxUsT4VMy-pGnoRzqXiKHtulLJWiLMhBqyLXko2GKS8G9QFrjvWcy9G9FWKHoRvWxhhUKsfXUc/s1600/Thomas+Edison's%2BYoung%2BPhoto.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Thomas Edison's Young Photo" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiy0AgHeCm9qCQUoP8By9cNnLvfLpzorB8k-laKeJGHzDq8E9f2ySFs1UxiKkpjNpYk0cxUsT4VMy-pGnoRzqXiKHtulLJWiLMhBqyLXko2GKS8G9QFrjvWcy9G9FWKHoRvWxhhUKsfXUc/s1600/Thomas+Edison's%2BYoung%2BPhoto.jpg" height="400" title="Thomas Edison's Young Photo" width="338" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Thomas Edison's Young Photo</span></b></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1czb8H6Szv-6p2r-pUrBfMTwI_bUh6LyYacN4L2tVTUSyiL8C25WxOg8AxyjqFl6bt-rzPdPnVD_GWHWzjb8tlIpZRglN0ZvLlOgV2sATtNkyzHHvWaXSX62RgYqUWkeDB4RgRZ0iAdY/s1600/Thomas+Edison.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Thomas Edison" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1czb8H6Szv-6p2r-pUrBfMTwI_bUh6LyYacN4L2tVTUSyiL8C25WxOg8AxyjqFl6bt-rzPdPnVD_GWHWzjb8tlIpZRglN0ZvLlOgV2sATtNkyzHHvWaXSX62RgYqUWkeDB4RgRZ0iAdY/s1600/Thomas+Edison.jpg" height="400" title="Thomas Edison" width="312" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Thomas Edison</span></b></td></tr>
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Braj Kishor Singhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17590802576861302441noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5062575314837303624.post-91416689579671010832015-03-11T12:48:00.001+05:302015-03-11T12:50:29.422+05:30James Clerk Maxwell (13 June 1831- 5 November 1879)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5Yo1OZCdTWteY7HPbkLk_8w-9pOPgikAAtxvB5ixwlyZcHfIyYuCqY6cILZzSqmGuJuU6lueTr-TP-jrSA8kGZTLmACBdTJZppZf_zpufbQ61cXUZWwz1fpnvkRSsCLsm9gBIucKAJLY/s1600/James+Clerk+Maxwell+Images.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="James Clerk Maxwell" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5Yo1OZCdTWteY7HPbkLk_8w-9pOPgikAAtxvB5ixwlyZcHfIyYuCqY6cILZzSqmGuJuU6lueTr-TP-jrSA8kGZTLmACBdTJZppZf_zpufbQ61cXUZWwz1fpnvkRSsCLsm9gBIucKAJLY/s1600/James+Clerk+Maxwell+Images.jpg" title="James Clerk Maxwell" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">James Clerk Maxwell</span></b></td></tr>
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The pioneer of electromagnetism and contributor to the kinetic theory of gases James Clerk Maxwell, was born on November 13, 1831 at Edinburgh, Scotland. He was from a rich, famous and landowning family. This family had many a famous and promising personalities who brought laurels and honour to it. James spent his childhood in the rural areas. His father had studied law but never practiced. He was interested in educating his son and maintaining the family property. Little James had the hobby of dismantling mechanical toys and understanding their mechanism carefully. He would open up newly acquired toys and fix them again. He had a very curious and sharp mind.<br />
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He lost his mother when he was 9 years. His father took up the twin responsibilities of a mother and father in bringing up James then. At ten, James was admitted at the Edinburgh Academy. His father brought him specially stitched clothes and shoes. Other students at the academy would laugh and poke fun at him because of his old-fashioned dress. But soon the students began respecting him for his intelligence and knowledge. They found him very moody.<br />
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At 16, Maxwell entered the Edinburgh University. His excellence in mathematics astonished everyone. He began experimenting in science. He also wrote poetry, but it was not of high standard. Yet, he continued writing poems all his life.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZqc82wbfPGY-i7NjOzBfiyOjDEwt61X-D0gtcJMHw3lsdXbHF0JMkkdKxTzMaVi3PqGiMVzJbzPyV5qsMZKaAhiMcEoxDHWcOVC7MvV-PKpBwu_Da5ctkEgsndqEon5KAoeM65USOsjk/s1600/Young+James+Maxwell+Photo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Young James Maxwell Photo" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZqc82wbfPGY-i7NjOzBfiyOjDEwt61X-D0gtcJMHw3lsdXbHF0JMkkdKxTzMaVi3PqGiMVzJbzPyV5qsMZKaAhiMcEoxDHWcOVC7MvV-PKpBwu_Da5ctkEgsndqEon5KAoeM65USOsjk/s1600/Young+James+Maxwell+Photo.jpg" height="300" title="Young James Maxwell Photo" width="226" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Young James Maxwell Photo</span></b></td></tr>
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In 1850, he entered Combridge University for higher studies in mathematics. He topped at the all examinations in mathematics. Mathematics competition was held every year for clever students. To ensure success at the examinations, he was put under William Hopkins’ guidance. Maxwell stood second at the examinations. In 1854, Maxwell graduated from college in mathematics. For higher studies, he joined the Trinity College, Cambridge. Here he conducted many experiments on colors and their mixtures. He created a colorful top indication primary colours – red, green and blue and other colours by mixing them in proper proportions. He even published a paper on this. The colours we see on our Television sets are based on the principles put forth by Maxwell. He was awarded the Rumsford Medal for this.<br />
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Around this time, his father was not keeping well. He planned to go to his father and take his care, returning from Edinburgh. Meanwhile, he got appointed as a professor at Marischal College, Aberdeen. But before he could join the college, his dear father died. After some time, he met the daughter of the college principal and soon married her. Now, Maxwell focused his attention on research and experimentation. He had researched on the rings of Saturn and had developed certain mathematical equations with reference to them. Even today, scientists follow the mathematical model he had developed then.<br />
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The researches and findings of Maxwell in the fields of electricity and magnetism are considered to be path breaking and original. Maxwell was inspired and influenced by Michael Faraday’s electromagnetic theory. He arrived at the principles of electromagnetic theory. He arrived at the principles of electromagnetic lines of force always exist in a closed circuit and are circular in form without and end.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeToJJxPvNWLECcbz1d73Oys1-DWsocieBPczAcU_1u6SP6Y2Gxw_kvbsN2acj9Q6ST14bfvWbfjDJWPKbvLIMk0jg_A_cj8cNhOc9HmrLshaMWxm0plBUtRs9PNQrL8so0gr_UXizLZk/s1600/James+Maxwell+Photos.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="James Maxwell Photos" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeToJJxPvNWLECcbz1d73Oys1-DWsocieBPczAcU_1u6SP6Y2Gxw_kvbsN2acj9Q6ST14bfvWbfjDJWPKbvLIMk0jg_A_cj8cNhOc9HmrLshaMWxm0plBUtRs9PNQrL8so0gr_UXizLZk/s1600/James+Maxwell+Photos.png" title="James Maxwell Photos" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>James Maxwell Photos</b></span></td></tr>
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Changes in the magnetic field create an electric field and changes in the electric field create a magnetic field. This way, magnetic field model was crystallised in Maxwell’s mind. Earlier, Faraday had used the terms, lines of force and tube of force. He explained the changes taking place when a magnet is placed close to it. Maxwell went a step further to develop Faraday’s ideas and put forward the unified theory of electromagnetism. Much later, his prediction of electromagnetic waves was verified by Heinrich Hertz.<br />
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To study further on electromagnetic forces and magnetic force fields, he left his job for a short time and proceeded to stay at his estate in Glinar. He wrote many books on heat, mathematics, color vision and physical sciences. During this period, he came close to his neighbors and socialized with them. He would even play with children from the neighborhood.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_Ayzcn8NTYGJvxL1HMIg12nNjuymO11kor0N_ueLoZSRd2-MpbdIg7EdQrPEZTBPPZbUZyqtR00gX5U4VEYYQ2Pt3cTuSPEs3mDJFNjSrK4oFNAzJ8S-3h_QRh9M5FxTvw-4x3a0RGL0/s1600/James+Clerk+Maxwell+Photo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_Ayzcn8NTYGJvxL1HMIg12nNjuymO11kor0N_ueLoZSRd2-MpbdIg7EdQrPEZTBPPZbUZyqtR00gX5U4VEYYQ2Pt3cTuSPEs3mDJFNjSrK4oFNAzJ8S-3h_QRh9M5FxTvw-4x3a0RGL0/s1600/James+Clerk+Maxwell+Photo.jpg" height="195" width="175" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">James Clerk Maxwell Photo</span></b></td></tr>
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Maxwell also did monumental work in developing the kinetic theory of gases. He, together with his wife, conducted some experimental work on viscosity of gases.<br />
Under pressure from the public, the Cambridge University decided to create a post of professor in the experimental physical sciences department to teach heat, electricity and magnetism. The Duke of Devonshire, Chancellor of the University, who was directly related to Henry Cavendish, provided necessary funds for establishing Canvendish Laboratory. Maxwell was requested to head the new laboratory. Maxwell was to direct research activities was also empowered to buy new equipment for the laboratory.<br />
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Over and above the activities mentioned earlier, he would also write on diverse subjects. He would edit the writings of Henry Cavendish to ensure that the general public would be informed of his works. This way he would keep himself busy. He dedicated his life to science in this manner.<br />
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During the last two years of his life, he took care of ailing wife. He was also aware that he was suffering from cancer, but did not let anyone know about it. Finally, on November 5, 1879 he died at the age of 48. World was unfortunately denied further benefits of researches and experiments of this esteemed scientist. Ten years later, Hertz invented the radio transmitter and receiver, thus validating the mathematical theory of Maxwell.<br />
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Maxwell’s electromagnetic radiation theory played an important role in the understanding and making of Randar and microwaves. In reality Maxwell’s theory contributed in clearly understanding the propagation of heat and light waves, radio waves, X-rays, gamma rays or any other type of electromagnetic radiation.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSRSg75vx9VO3AOKRmY-rBoW8elF-GnjZixzCJxZb1oDNzYYw_4BFjS1ePY70PPwC3ezmytIoq8UE9b7SHbcml51YRspHBG1HVxwkIy7k_FQZEPAos9CMqEssZYbNk6Uk6hu195N-JaGg/s1600/James+and+his+Wife+Katherine+Maxwell++Photo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="James and his Wife Katherine Maxwell Photo" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSRSg75vx9VO3AOKRmY-rBoW8elF-GnjZixzCJxZb1oDNzYYw_4BFjS1ePY70PPwC3ezmytIoq8UE9b7SHbcml51YRspHBG1HVxwkIy7k_FQZEPAos9CMqEssZYbNk6Uk6hu195N-JaGg/s1600/James+and+his+Wife+Katherine+Maxwell++Photo.jpg" height="400" title="James and his Wife Katherine Maxwell Photo" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">James and his Wife Katherine Maxwell Photo</span></b></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBKhIwO5bdUAhMSAvQ79y1ZQcB_J-HtQjNEMqLkHCxPo6NxzdSu7b0O6FFohZIXQytXa1Wq71oQOfKxiQGqzwUWjSER08zR-cCBEz9Z5mL0pnXpPOQJ8suroyqEFXtDozYLQ1PfaZPOj4/s1600/James+Clerk+Maxwell's%2BInvention.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="James Clerk Maxwell's Invention" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBKhIwO5bdUAhMSAvQ79y1ZQcB_J-HtQjNEMqLkHCxPo6NxzdSu7b0O6FFohZIXQytXa1Wq71oQOfKxiQGqzwUWjSER08zR-cCBEz9Z5mL0pnXpPOQJ8suroyqEFXtDozYLQ1PfaZPOj4/s1600/James+Clerk+Maxwell's%2BInvention.jpg" height="336" title="James Clerk Maxwell's Invention" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">James Clerk Maxwell's Invention</span></b></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeToJJxPvNWLECcbz1d73Oys1-DWsocieBPczAcU_1u6SP6Y2Gxw_kvbsN2acj9Q6ST14bfvWbfjDJWPKbvLIMk0jg_A_cj8cNhOc9HmrLshaMWxm0plBUtRs9PNQrL8so0gr_UXizLZk/s1600/James+Maxwell+Photos.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeToJJxPvNWLECcbz1d73Oys1-DWsocieBPczAcU_1u6SP6Y2Gxw_kvbsN2acj9Q6ST14bfvWbfjDJWPKbvLIMk0jg_A_cj8cNhOc9HmrLshaMWxm0plBUtRs9PNQrL8so0gr_UXizLZk/s1600/James+Maxwell+Photos.png" height="400" width="332" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">James Maxwell Photos</span></b></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXklNxoctTILQvSuhW234PImUE_cntBuSWMX4WV0UUSyN4UpGUZV5UzGZxMf1AzKxtVxuGjdvMuh3YvXZRMbGGPxrEkr4MIIjaWt8mbyJ_RrzeYA8ALeBikOP8IuLGxMZ82cO3Z1Cbrnw/s1600/James+Maxwell's%2BCollege%2BPhoto%2C%2BUniversity%2Bof%2BEdinburgh.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="James Maxwell's College Photo, University of Edinburgh" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXklNxoctTILQvSuhW234PImUE_cntBuSWMX4WV0UUSyN4UpGUZV5UzGZxMf1AzKxtVxuGjdvMuh3YvXZRMbGGPxrEkr4MIIjaWt8mbyJ_RrzeYA8ALeBikOP8IuLGxMZ82cO3Z1Cbrnw/s1600/James+Maxwell's%2BCollege%2BPhoto%2C%2BUniversity%2Bof%2BEdinburgh.jpg" height="285" title="James Maxwell's College Photo, University of Edinburgh" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">James Maxwell's College Photo, University of Edinburgh</span></b></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWVz_E5CObw5gCUty51-vg_52XdMTMRq-csI7tijkdljRKRwdpLuT3ULAZqyLu0Y9XyG1YCCa1Y0YbH7OlA6xc8YWUxLtBHXvtH7sI5YKBNZnPBKsKCXDyrQ6E4inLRJD9ww7DBVWhntQ/s1600/James+Maxwell's%2BSchool%2BPhoto%2C%2BEdinburgh%2BAcademy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="James Maxwell's School Photo, Edinburgh Academy" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWVz_E5CObw5gCUty51-vg_52XdMTMRq-csI7tijkdljRKRwdpLuT3ULAZqyLu0Y9XyG1YCCa1Y0YbH7OlA6xc8YWUxLtBHXvtH7sI5YKBNZnPBKsKCXDyrQ6E4inLRJD9ww7DBVWhntQ/s1600/James+Maxwell's%2BSchool%2BPhoto%2C%2BEdinburgh%2BAcademy.jpg" height="197" title="James Maxwell's School Photo, Edinburgh Academy" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">James Maxwell's School Photo, Edinburgh Academy</span></b></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfVs1VCn7igI-w6IGJ40wmIzEZkWz7o9zUjTgC3WG4MW_5f00c6_dPj7424T7piwsMQaO6Iu3g7DcUiPTCzZGl7tEV4wA9rtY5vpnfA95M5-RIReQm0kcFk2ycchmmakQJ1SMLXa6cIm8/s1600/Monument+of+Scientists+James+Clerk+Maxwell.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Monument of Scientists James Clerk Maxwell" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfVs1VCn7igI-w6IGJ40wmIzEZkWz7o9zUjTgC3WG4MW_5f00c6_dPj7424T7piwsMQaO6Iu3g7DcUiPTCzZGl7tEV4wA9rtY5vpnfA95M5-RIReQm0kcFk2ycchmmakQJ1SMLXa6cIm8/s1600/Monument+of+Scientists+James+Clerk+Maxwell.jpg" height="400" title="Monument of Scientists James Clerk Maxwell" width="340" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Monument of Scientists James Clerk Maxwell</span></b></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZGKWaqqB5rR6HdFl6ikH9zoYw5lio4QGrE0VXkHkKAoPkkzDeqXMohCYf2OZOveXYb0CzTpqyH5rRjO7uRpZDl48a1LvUT_wxnv5ax3gqdCi4pm5_MANOq3Cff_9hyphenhyphenSoHHVSjDH0bHa8/s1600/Scientist+James++Maxwell's%2BInvention.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Scientist James Maxwell's Invention" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZGKWaqqB5rR6HdFl6ikH9zoYw5lio4QGrE0VXkHkKAoPkkzDeqXMohCYf2OZOveXYb0CzTpqyH5rRjO7uRpZDl48a1LvUT_wxnv5ax3gqdCi4pm5_MANOq3Cff_9hyphenhyphenSoHHVSjDH0bHa8/s1600/Scientist+James++Maxwell's%2BInvention.jpg" height="311" title="Scientist James Maxwell's Invention" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Scientist James Maxwell's Invention</span></b></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpy29BSp9ouaqlmw56terXTRh-zfec1xupz3iO8xmW9YgkvtYOZSfJQjjjSDGnOkR7pdgGMJI69rSOjFe5RAebLm_bq-08fZN3c6PLzGg0Rp5_wLaPbkprWNh08pJWqN9fhot0O2n0xKk/s1600/Scientist+James+Clerk+Maxwell's%2BInvention.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Scientist James Clerk Maxwell's Invention" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpy29BSp9ouaqlmw56terXTRh-zfec1xupz3iO8xmW9YgkvtYOZSfJQjjjSDGnOkR7pdgGMJI69rSOjFe5RAebLm_bq-08fZN3c6PLzGg0Rp5_wLaPbkprWNh08pJWqN9fhot0O2n0xKk/s1600/Scientist+James+Clerk+Maxwell's%2BInvention.jpg" height="400" title="Scientist James Clerk Maxwell's Invention" width="293" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Scientist James Clerk Maxwell's Invention</span></b></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoOeV9O2sQumci7jPul0PKHGkI3_Hcck-nr-JNiiAeq0T8UXfwwouBjwvucKFK-_KLXSzZEzRAotXaPQDs5BAelA0SkcuDO2MIov1LKRopaem9-K4V7Bws8CPEZ23IZpJUTGVCtcC0jFU/s1600/Scientist+James+Clerk+Maxwell's%2BQuotes.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Scientist James Clerk Maxwell's Quotes" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoOeV9O2sQumci7jPul0PKHGkI3_Hcck-nr-JNiiAeq0T8UXfwwouBjwvucKFK-_KLXSzZEzRAotXaPQDs5BAelA0SkcuDO2MIov1LKRopaem9-K4V7Bws8CPEZ23IZpJUTGVCtcC0jFU/s1600/Scientist+James+Clerk+Maxwell's%2BQuotes.jpg" height="250" title="Scientist James Clerk Maxwell's Quotes" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Scientist James Clerk Maxwell's Quotes</span></b></td></tr>
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Braj Kishor Singhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17590802576861302441noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5062575314837303624.post-51774133939300142852015-02-18T11:57:00.001+05:302015-02-18T11:57:05.614+05:30Georg Simon Ohm (16 March 1789 – 6 July 1854)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdvXHKRJy3MOfonr_RXGCL7sv2aFkNwELOZVL4bO3jp2Zh_VFQrbGwz7SwAteHXbGdqEFMqkTF4q9t0DPD_xoNY4etmogA5RPXMc_mNNCS4nVr-dkmj9echOZujc4xpgNfgdhTFD-7WHo/s1600/Georg+Simon+Ohm+Pictures.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Georg Simon Ohm Pictures" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdvXHKRJy3MOfonr_RXGCL7sv2aFkNwELOZVL4bO3jp2Zh_VFQrbGwz7SwAteHXbGdqEFMqkTF4q9t0DPD_xoNY4etmogA5RPXMc_mNNCS4nVr-dkmj9echOZujc4xpgNfgdhTFD-7WHo/s1600/Georg+Simon+Ohm+Pictures.jpg" height="290" title="Georg Simon Ohm Pictures" width="229" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Georg Simon Ohm Pictures</span></b></td></tr>
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<b>Georg Simon Ohm</b> was born in South-Eastern Germany on March
16, 1787. His father was a locksmith who also manufactured and repaired guns.
Since generations his family was involved in the business and his father
inherited the same from his grandfather. He would move all over the cities of
Germany and France to earn his living. At 40, he came to settle down in the
village of Allergen. For 40 years his father conducted this business. After his
arrival here, he got married and had two sons – Georg and Martin. His life took
a turn thereafter. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>Georg’s father</b> was now attracted towards education, particularly in mathematics and science. He became involved in mechanical instruments and conducted research on his own. He began concentrating on mathematics and science. He even went on to cultivate similar interest for the subjects in his two sons. The two sons grew up to graduate in mathematics from the University of Erlangen and later, became professors.<br />
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At a young age of 18, Ohm was appointment professor at Swiss Canton in the city of Gottstadt in Berne. The supervisor who scrutinized his application for the job was a bit disappointed when he saw the young man. Ohm’s appearance was short and skinny, like a boy. But in a short while, his disappointment vanished. He was thoroughly happy and impressed to find the new professor’s depth of knowledge and his simple method of teaching. Ohm also became involved in further studies and research. Ultimately, after 6 years of extensive research and study, in 1811, Ohm earned the doctorate degree. At that time he felt like joining the armed movement against Napoleon and his army. He left his job and prepared himself to join the army. It was his father who stopped him from taking such a step, making him realize and convince him in a practical way. Thus, he continued to work as a professor.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOPpVrN1-mWlwAQKYl3Kteq3_knu6zAn4oUtSy6qs9O6P5CSJEu5VWC6X7t1sZmuVw9wLraytaCcEKzWRfv7jgFURt_OlhORAA28V1vLkE9-5YLeHvGK9_n-Lyvyi3oM4d-_RL2tDF3QU/s1600/Georg+Simon+Ohm+Images.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Georg Simon Ohm Photos" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOPpVrN1-mWlwAQKYl3Kteq3_knu6zAn4oUtSy6qs9O6P5CSJEu5VWC6X7t1sZmuVw9wLraytaCcEKzWRfv7jgFURt_OlhORAA28V1vLkE9-5YLeHvGK9_n-Lyvyi3oM4d-_RL2tDF3QU/s1600/Georg+Simon+Ohm+Images.jpg" height="320" title="Georg Simon Ohm Photos" width="250" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Georg Simon Ohm Photos</span></b></td></tr>
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In 1817, at the age of 30, he got an invitation to join the Jesuit College at cologne as professor and a departmental head. He happily accepted this position. Here, he taught as well as conducted research. As a result, in 1827, he published a detailed essay based on the research that he had had conducted for years. It was one of the foremost researches ever conducted in the field of electricity at that time. Sadly, it did not gain acceptance nor recognition for more than twenty years. Ohm was very disappointed by this. He had proposed certain basic equations and fundamental principles in the field of electricity that made solving mathematical problems in the field easy. Known as Ohm’s law, it is the basic law that every student of physics has to learn and understand. The equation I=V/R was given by him, where I = current, V=electromotive force or voltage and R = resistance.<br />
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In electricity, Ohm’s law experimentally determines the relationship that the amount of steady current through a large number of materials is directly proportional to the potential difference or voltage across the materials. Alternatively, Ohm’s law can be stated as the current I in the conductor equals the potential difference V across the conductor divided by the resistance of the conductor, or simply I=V/R, and that the potential difference across a conductor equals the product of the current in the conductor and its residence, V=IR. In a circuit where the potential difference or voltage is constant, the current may be decreased by adding more resistance or increased by removing some resistance.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjigDTf5_hO88FURSjudZsNlRo-oM2JF39hlbFwKSIPWko5jzwByxbWpbahEbSRXC6vTtlX_RUpTjb65G4vrMnyXDlxEkckAT01V0QDxDR5nhBTXD82OsiDu7ZVkWKlq3O7be-AMt5B7GI/s1600/Georg+Simon+Ohm+Snaps.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Georg Simon Ohm Snaps" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjigDTf5_hO88FURSjudZsNlRo-oM2JF39hlbFwKSIPWko5jzwByxbWpbahEbSRXC6vTtlX_RUpTjb65G4vrMnyXDlxEkckAT01V0QDxDR5nhBTXD82OsiDu7ZVkWKlq3O7be-AMt5B7GI/s1600/Georg+Simon+Ohm+Snaps.jpg" height="290" title="Georg Simon Ohm Snaps" width="212" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Georg Simon Ohm Snaps</span></b></td></tr>
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In 1827, he published a book titled Die galvanische kette mathematics bearbeitet (The Galvanic Circuit Investigated Mathematically). He was under the impression that it would earn him fame and promotion. But it was not to be. The scientific world ignored this remarkable work. Those who read his work found nothing new in it. Ohm was very sentimental. At 40, he resigned from the college. Being Jobless, he had to face difficulties. It became so difficult for him that even to buy things of daily use, he had to think twice.<br />
After 6 years, he again began working. No one appreciated his work in Germany, but Britain did return him his dues. The Royal Society of London Presented and honoured him with the Copley Medal in 1854.<br />
In the same year (1854), Ohm died at Munich at the age of 67. In 1881, at the Electrical Engineers International Congress, a resolution was passed that the unit of electrical resistance be called ohm, in his honour. He was finally honoured posthumously for the discovery he made during his lifetime.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOPpVrN1-mWlwAQKYl3Kteq3_knu6zAn4oUtSy6qs9O6P5CSJEu5VWC6X7t1sZmuVw9wLraytaCcEKzWRfv7jgFURt_OlhORAA28V1vLkE9-5YLeHvGK9_n-Lyvyi3oM4d-_RL2tDF3QU/s1600/Georg+Simon+Ohm+Images.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Georg Simon Ohm Images" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOPpVrN1-mWlwAQKYl3Kteq3_knu6zAn4oUtSy6qs9O6P5CSJEu5VWC6X7t1sZmuVw9wLraytaCcEKzWRfv7jgFURt_OlhORAA28V1vLkE9-5YLeHvGK9_n-Lyvyi3oM4d-_RL2tDF3QU/s1600/Georg+Simon+Ohm+Images.jpg" height="400" title="Georg Simon Ohm Images" width="313" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Georg Simon Ohm Images</span></b></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCoMtuvQoevxtfopf2OBBZOFfVtb3B9T1GPHxPLGgSY_oXchPKdorUWyyoPF1vwsz4jcGKc3O882Awr9vD7NTwT-UcjB3p7H9kV9vsGT6E-GXJZZR08GJckCTrpk1aeththtCR8Kh1088/s1600/Georg+Simon+Ohm+Information.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Georg Simon Ohm Information" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCoMtuvQoevxtfopf2OBBZOFfVtb3B9T1GPHxPLGgSY_oXchPKdorUWyyoPF1vwsz4jcGKc3O882Awr9vD7NTwT-UcjB3p7H9kV9vsGT6E-GXJZZR08GJckCTrpk1aeththtCR8Kh1088/s1600/Georg+Simon+Ohm+Information.jpg" height="400" title="Georg Simon Ohm Information" width="297" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Georg Simon Ohm Information</span></b></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTvqLGcPHsVG04ftiCoNHZFxmnte3GSX9Q5W6mXt7YK42BDKDkzgCnVyHGWM52PxlmMU_CU5_1xHJXpnuzKhhVPzWLA8NCkQTbwXrE1PT2Q0U7IsJJLMPEoiwNIQ10nOn-ZQLPp00Sf2E/s1600/Georg+Simon+Ohm+Photos.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Georg Simon Ohm Photos" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTvqLGcPHsVG04ftiCoNHZFxmnte3GSX9Q5W6mXt7YK42BDKDkzgCnVyHGWM52PxlmMU_CU5_1xHJXpnuzKhhVPzWLA8NCkQTbwXrE1PT2Q0U7IsJJLMPEoiwNIQ10nOn-ZQLPp00Sf2E/s1600/Georg+Simon+Ohm+Photos.jpg" height="400" title="Georg Simon Ohm Photos" width="313" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Georg Simon Ohm Photos</span></b></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg07EWGuE8E-U4OjEFLwAkljQMyttY5srCnFNbk-fUX40ichxAX15pKvYvW-DA6RyCG5E3PYrvrilSPNa_yR4jOJeBNnJ5jk09U5Ldw5tcZircpd2YJGgzlae1ZtCIzdrXawXamkVGvgfA/s1600/Georg+Simon+Ohm's%2BPhotos.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Georg Simon Ohm's Photos" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg07EWGuE8E-U4OjEFLwAkljQMyttY5srCnFNbk-fUX40ichxAX15pKvYvW-DA6RyCG5E3PYrvrilSPNa_yR4jOJeBNnJ5jk09U5Ldw5tcZircpd2YJGgzlae1ZtCIzdrXawXamkVGvgfA/s1600/Georg+Simon+Ohm's%2BPhotos.jpg" height="277" title="Georg Simon Ohm's Photos" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Georg Simon Ohm's Photos</span></b></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5e2V-4il8_rI2gSwmt8BWPCNIylSqKfj72i98yevJIZ9HIvayLvibCOv4BkZrEV5e2KgpbYtr1DRxKN1fDPpY1SYNvP2Z6yNTyMLYg7U0Qvy2DcIC7DLB4wiUmzopIU234ZqYi1kprnM/s1600/Georg+Simon+Ohm.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Georg Simon Ohm" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5e2V-4il8_rI2gSwmt8BWPCNIylSqKfj72i98yevJIZ9HIvayLvibCOv4BkZrEV5e2KgpbYtr1DRxKN1fDPpY1SYNvP2Z6yNTyMLYg7U0Qvy2DcIC7DLB4wiUmzopIU234ZqYi1kprnM/s1600/Georg+Simon+Ohm.jpg" height="400" title="Georg Simon Ohm" width="297" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Georg Simon Ohm</b></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAUNwdZ8wXQzF8hi6AqqPs8oc72rfpfrFnLWCzanvCSxgTWK45IZL6fiGLLw-kjP6e1v5iEledD2wnCuvOvVOuK6t1zYb57abAawN1UcqpUp5Tg6Gr64prvXB56CPtsHIcsqLQJJpeyjY/s1600/Great+Scientist+Georg+Simon+Ohm+Photos.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Great Scientist Georg Simon Ohm Photos" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAUNwdZ8wXQzF8hi6AqqPs8oc72rfpfrFnLWCzanvCSxgTWK45IZL6fiGLLw-kjP6e1v5iEledD2wnCuvOvVOuK6t1zYb57abAawN1UcqpUp5Tg6Gr64prvXB56CPtsHIcsqLQJJpeyjY/s1600/Great+Scientist+Georg+Simon+Ohm+Photos.jpg" height="400" title="Great Scientist Georg Simon Ohm Photos" width="333" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Great Scientist Georg Simon Ohm Photos</span></b></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiF2M_Z8cnw2Y6SrS0odmmG81ZIgHSSZ2GpMOHkQRblWIsktDfGgYZfu3ZNvx7FQ-DCRS67SI9WFpO8BlyjiNPwNGIyiqPWYjgk6HZkFUwwsHFMTiKQeQzjtD7YDNVV8YkC8leUcz7byPE/s1600/Scientist+Georg+Simon+Ohm+View.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Scientist Georg Simon Ohm View" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiF2M_Z8cnw2Y6SrS0odmmG81ZIgHSSZ2GpMOHkQRblWIsktDfGgYZfu3ZNvx7FQ-DCRS67SI9WFpO8BlyjiNPwNGIyiqPWYjgk6HZkFUwwsHFMTiKQeQzjtD7YDNVV8YkC8leUcz7byPE/s1600/Scientist+Georg+Simon+Ohm+View.jpg" height="400" title="Scientist Georg Simon Ohm View" width="302" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Scientist Georg Simon Ohm View</span></b></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhboSUHTLLMUx_m4WmRANisk1HApVkGExnjttWOGVngRCvNddpG6hEX0PE000nyuezuz4trtOSxir6ObxVXeEmRxJnut3CrzuXYShIGdQIy8__ZXiGnxBqoCCr1bhdB85t3HUrnJCEUtTM/s1600/Scientist+Georg+Simon+Ohm.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Scientist Georg Simon Ohm" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhboSUHTLLMUx_m4WmRANisk1HApVkGExnjttWOGVngRCvNddpG6hEX0PE000nyuezuz4trtOSxir6ObxVXeEmRxJnut3CrzuXYShIGdQIy8__ZXiGnxBqoCCr1bhdB85t3HUrnJCEUtTM/s1600/Scientist+Georg+Simon+Ohm.jpg" height="400" title="Scientist Georg Simon Ohm" width="318" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Scientist Georg Simon Ohm</span></b></td></tr>
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Braj Kishor Singhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17590802576861302441noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5062575314837303624.post-26734651945864487352015-01-30T13:36:00.003+05:302015-01-30T13:47:28.301+05:30Sir Humphry Davy (17 December 1778 – 29 May 1829)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b>Humphry Davy</b> was born in Penzance village, Cornwall, South
Western part of England, On December 17, 1778. His poor father would make a
living out of wood crafting, carpentry and farming. Humphry had his scholling
in Penzance and later, he had higher education from nearby Truro. Soon after
completion of his primary education, Davy went to a local chemist Thomas
Beddoes of Bristol, who trained him in making drugs. Beddoes had a personal
library where Davy would spend his free time, reading books. He cultivated
great interest in reading here and specifically, in chemistry. He also
experimented on the basis of the books that he had read then.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiovCjUhu2jPRFgzXJSfSzqguTq-YptZvdxl7Jvm3ZbJcHwKYqYEjdaaQaIp5h3rxPfKo3eQJPSxnlucxx-zkgB3Ulq1QGbYTrMOXgGVwljCBXTazNjIJI4Co-89EbUT71MqKyeDFxS_mE/s1600/Sir+Humphry+Davy++Snaps.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Sir Humphry Davy Snaps" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiovCjUhu2jPRFgzXJSfSzqguTq-YptZvdxl7Jvm3ZbJcHwKYqYEjdaaQaIp5h3rxPfKo3eQJPSxnlucxx-zkgB3Ulq1QGbYTrMOXgGVwljCBXTazNjIJI4Co-89EbUT71MqKyeDFxS_mE/s1600/Sir+Humphry+Davy++Snaps.jpg" height="240" title="Sir Humphry Davy Snaps" width="220" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Sir Humphry Davy Snaps</span></b></td></tr>
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Due to his thirst for reading and experimenting, he came in touch with Watt Jr. the son of Sir James Watt, the famous engineer and inventor. He introduced Davy to the president of The Royal Society, Dr. Gilbert. Impressed by Davy’s interest and dedication, Gilbert wrote a recommendation letter to the founder of the then newly established Medical Pneumatic Institution. This institute conducted research studies on the use of different gases in the field of medicine. He was immediately employed here. Not only that, Davy who had not even seen the University, was lucky enough to get work of his choice. It was here that he worked hard and sincerely to become the youngest head of the institution at the age of 20.</div>
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Davy, who had come up in life the hard way, was rather, whimsical in nature. His work led him to propose that electrical forces hold the elements of a chemical compound together. Davy must have known of Lavoisier’s suggestion that the alkali earths were oxides of unknown metals. At first, he tried to separate the metals by electrolyzing aqueous solutions of the alkalis, but this yielded only hydrogen gas. The important discovery he made in the 1799 brought him fame from all over the world. He prepared Nitrous Oxide gas in his laboratory. This gas is used even today as anesthesia for making patients unconscious and then, conduct surgical operations. The operation thus performed is painless and easy to conduct for the surgeon, as the patient remains unconscious throughout the period of operation. However, in his lifetime, this discovery was not put to use. It was in the year 1844 that an American doctor used this medicine to extract his decayed tooth painlessly. The medicine numbed the area near the tooth so that the operation could be conducted without pain and with least effort. </div>
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There occurred another interesting incident when he discovered this medicine. He drank it instead of smelling it and he had and intoxicating feeling. He would laugh without any rhyme or reason and that is the reason why it was called laughing gas. Davy attained fame due to this very interesting discovery. </div>
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Around this period, Count Rumford, an American scientist, arrived in London and set up the Royal Institute. He extended invitation to Davy for giving lectures in chemistry. Davy had no prior experience as a teacher, yet the manner in which he delivered them and the popularity that he achieved, earned him the title of professor. The reason for this was that he was very good public speaker too. His easy style of communicating and the manner of simplifying and putting forth the most complex issues of chemistry impressed the Agricultural Board of the Royal Institute. They requested him to take up the issues relating to agriculture and provide necessary guidance to them.</div>
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He then spent the next ten years of his life conducting deep research and studies in the field of agriculture. He provided necessary inputs and guidance in this field and developed fertilizers so as to help increase the agricultural production.</div>
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Apart from this, he developed electro-chemical process in chemistry. Commonly known as caustic soda, a wet piece of sodium hydroxide is placed in a platinum cup. One end of the wire was connected to one terminal of the battery and the other end to a piece of caustic soda. Another wire connected the second terminal of the battery and the platinum cup. This way an electrolytic chemical reaction took place that produced sodium vapor. Today our roads and streets are lit with the help of sodium vapor lamps. He also isolated potassium with the help of electro-chemical process. Similarly, he also obtained sodium, magnesium, strontium, calcium, chlorine and barium through this process in the year 1808. Following the same process, Charles Martin in the year 1886, isolated aluminum from aluminum oxide. As part of further development, Davy also invented the arc lamp.</div>
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Impressed by the invention of the electrochemical process of
separating sodium and potassium and its technique, Napoleon, the French Emperor
presented him with the French Institute Medallion. Even as England and France
were at war, Davy, at the age of 30, was presented the medallion at the special
ceremony. The arc lamp invented lit brighter than any other lamp that was
available then. Such arc lamps have applications in the film industry and
making of military searchlights.</div>
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In 1812, a young man named Michael Faraday came to meet him.
He would attend every lecture or speech of his and jot down in his beautiful handwriting.
He showed those notes to Davy. Learning of his careful and enthusiastic
approach, Davy was impressed and he immediately employed him as an assistant.
Another reason was that he had suffered from the blinding effects of the
experiments he was conducting in the mines and needed a helping hand. This
young man, Faraday later went on to become one of the world’s most famous
scientists. <o:p></o:p></div>
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The same year, the king of England bestowed him the
Knighthood. Three days later, he married Jane Apreece, a rich widow. After a
few days, the couple accompanied by Faraday as Davy’s assistant and valet went on a world tour to
deliver lectures and learn more about the scientific activity that was taking
place all over. In Paris, Davy was honoured and made the member of the French
Institute. In Italy, he conducted research
on the torpedo fish that produced electricity. At Genoa, the famous
Italian city, he burnt diamond with the help of arc lamp to prove that it is
made of carbon. Visiting Sweden and Germany, he turned back to England and
reached there in the year 1815.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Sir Humphry Davy Invention</span></b></td></tr>
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Now he was faced with a very complex problem. He found its solution
by conducting a new and useful research for the world. In the coal mines of
Newcastle, frequent accidents used to take place. Due to this, many miners lost
their lives and production of coal was also affected. The reason for this was
the lamp with flame that was taken inside the mine. The gases present in the
mine would catch fire and blasts would occur simultaneously. After in-depth
study, Davy invented the now famous lamp known as the Davy safety lamp. To
ensure that the heat does not ignite fire, a round wire gauge mesh was placed
around the flame. The gases never came in contact with the flame. This way, the
number of accidents was reduced and many a lives were saved. This was the
period when the battery torch was not yet invented. Davy was so humble that he
refused to patent the invention and for the safety of the miner he allowed his
invention to be freely used without any charge. The mine owners were happy for
this gesture of his and presented him a silver dinner set. As per Davy’s will,
the silver set was melted on his death and sold. Davy medal was instituted in
his memory out of the money collected and is presented every year to scientists
of Europe and America who make significant contribution in the field of
chemistry.</div>
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In 1818, Davy was made the Baronet and honoured. In 1820, he was made the president of the Royal Society. He was not well mannered nor polite due to which did he become very unpopular. He earned more enemies than friends and had to finally give up the position.</div>
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Finally, in 1829, Sir Humphry Davy died at the age of 48, in Geneva. The inventor of the safety lamp and are lamp and discoverer of six important chemical elements was honoured as the “Father of Electrochemical process”</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Sir Humphry Davy Invention Photo</span></b></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Great Scientist Sir Humphry Davy photo</span></b></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Sir Humphry Davy Images</span></b></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Sir Humphry Davy Statue photo</span></b></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Famous Scientist Sir Humphry Davy Images</span></b></td></tr>
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Braj Kishor Singhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17590802576861302441noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5062575314837303624.post-1374037283692123692014-11-18T13:33:00.000+05:302014-11-18T13:37:45.951+05:30Sir Isaac Newton (25th Dec. 1642 - 20th Mar. 1727)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Sir Isaac Newton Inventions</span></b></td></tr>
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World famous scientist <b>Sir Isaac Newton</b> was born at
woolsthorpe Manor in Lincolnshire, England, on Christmas day in 1642. As a baby
Isaac was a weakling. Having lost his father before his birth, he was born
prematurely. The widowed mother lost all hope of the baby’s survival. She never
had the faintest idea that this baby would one day not only become one of the
world’s greatest scientists, but also live long. <span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: left;">When
Newton was two years old, his mother remarried. He was then shifted to his
grandmother’s house and she raised him. This young boy engaged himself in some
activity or other. He made a sundial in stone. Besides, he made a watch that
ran on water and a model of a windmill. The sun clock he made is on display at
London’s Royal Museum. He also loved reading. </span></div>
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When he was 14 years old, his mother was once again widowed.
He started living with his mother now, and started helping her at their farm.
Soon his mother realized that as he approached adulthood his interest in
farming was waning. At home he would daydream. He began making models using
wood. Finally, his mother agreed to send him to college. Isaac was thrilled. At
the age of 18, Newton joined the famous Trinity College at Cambridge. After
four years, in 1665, he gained his graduate degree in mathematics from
Cambridge University. In college his mathematics professor Isaac Barrow
recognized his potential and started encouraging and guiding him and later,
became his friend.</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Scientist Sir Isaac Newton</span></b><br />
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At that time the plague epidemic raged all over England.
About ten per cent of the country’s population died of this epidemic. Schools
and colleges were closed. Cambridge University too was closed. Newton was back
at his mother’s farm. Till the time the university reopened after a year and
half, Newton stayed with his mother. The time he spent here was the most productive
period of his life. His greatest discoveries were made during this time
(1665-66) and it is also known as miraculous year in Newton’s life. He laid the
foundations of the calculus and the laws of motion. He also examined the elements
of circular motion and applied his analysis to the moon and other planets.
Seeing a falling apple gave him insight into the law of universal gravitation.
The seeds of his famous work on optics were also laid then. He later elaborated
these and was recognized as the world’s greatest discoveries of those times.</div>
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In 1667, when the university reopened, Newton was appointed lecturer.
He made quick progress and in 1669, at the age of 26, he was appointed Lucasian
Professor of mathematics in place of Professor Isaac Barrow.</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Sir Isaac Newton</span></b></td></tr>
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For long Newton was involved in the research on light.
Newton’s first work at Trinity College was in optics. While at home, Newton had
conducted many experiments in his darkened room with a glass prism. When he let
in a chink of daylight between the curtains or a ray of white light passed
through a prism, it was refracted.</div>
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But different parts of the beam were refracted in different amounts,
and the beam emerged split into several colors. The colors were same and in the
same order, as they appeared in the rainbow : red, orange, yellow, green, blue,
indigo, violet. Newton came to the conclusion that white light could be split
up by the prism into a spectrum of merging colors in the sequence red, orange,
yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet, and these colors, when recombined by the
prism, formed white light. Newton called it a crucial experiment or Experiment
crucis. </div>
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He also designed and constructed the reflecting telescope.
This telescope had an image that was not formed by a lens, but by a concave
mirror. James Gregory had proposed such use of a concave mirror earlier, but
Newton was the first to make such an instrument. The telescope aroused more
interest than his lectures because here was something that could be seen,
handled and tested. The Royal Society, heard tales of this ‘Wondrous Instrument’
and in 1671, it caused such a sensation that it was demonstrated to King
Charles II, on special request. The small telescope, which performed so well,
aroused great interest at the Royal Society. As a result, Newton was elected a
member of the Royal society, to which he donated the reflecting telescope. The
diameter of the mirror was one inch. One such reflecting telescope is installed
at the California Institute of Technology’s Mount Palomar Observatory. Its
diameter is about 515 cm.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinK77hsGHx4ryKMX5LWb3lgfr2zomuQ1fKaIQG-b1S5QiRsLm2_NWeqcbtVkj1-VLuqytN7UYkwKLAFN3kyXaxRafKcljFicKiKsMT7CbOGiAKucRehxA8f4Vqxn5U9c7xgESvl3aUt28/s1600/Sir+Isaac+Newton's%2BLaws.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Sir Isaac Newton's Laws" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinK77hsGHx4ryKMX5LWb3lgfr2zomuQ1fKaIQG-b1S5QiRsLm2_NWeqcbtVkj1-VLuqytN7UYkwKLAFN3kyXaxRafKcljFicKiKsMT7CbOGiAKucRehxA8f4Vqxn5U9c7xgESvl3aUt28/s1600/Sir+Isaac+Newton's+Laws.gif" title="Sir Isaac Newton's Laws" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Sir Isaac Newton's Laws</span></b></td></tr>
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His initial research papers focused on light. Many scholars
opposed these vehemently, though some praised it. He had replied to Christiaan
Huygens and Robert Hookes criticisms. By then a popular figure, Newton, who was
psychologically incapable of accepting criticism, was so upset that he swore
not to publish any scientific work. Now he quietly worked to develop the
theoretical principles underlying his experimental works. Besides, he
represented the university in parliament.</div>
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In 1664, the famous astronomer Edmund Halley visited Newton.
He had come to discuss Kepler’s laws on the motion o planets. Halley came to
realize that Newton had laid down the basic laws of gravitation through his
calculations and conclusions. At Halley’s urging, Newton reproduced the proofs
and expanded then into a paper. Halley at once recognized the importance of
what Newton had done and also, realized that he was dealing with a genius. He persuaded
Newton to publish his works and results. He volunteered to bear all the
production cost. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfIPr6qdl51iy8ITY8vHYej2RfXolSxkVotCKPadVTFhsJ-fDkPeoJ3YA7EKMbtAWUhyqac2CGjRKiA0jibVrd2NqTQm57pTV5_ssye8XiTyFka6F-k-svVqJgOS-UfyLCroch0ViyYkE/s1600/Sir+Isaac+Newton+discoveries+on+force.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Sir Isaac Newton discoveries on force" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfIPr6qdl51iy8ITY8vHYej2RfXolSxkVotCKPadVTFhsJ-fDkPeoJ3YA7EKMbtAWUhyqac2CGjRKiA0jibVrd2NqTQm57pTV5_ssye8XiTyFka6F-k-svVqJgOS-UfyLCroch0ViyYkE/s1600/Sir+Isaac+Newton+discoveries+on+force.jpg" title="Sir Isaac Newton discoveries on force" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Sir Newton's discoveries on force</span></b></td></tr>
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Halley encouraged Newton to write a full treatise of his new
physics and its application to astronomy. In 1687, Newton finally published the
‘Philosohiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica’ ( The Mathematical Principles of
Natural Philosophy) in three volumes in Latin, which caused a sensation. Newton
became internationally famous. Though his concept of force was not generally
accepted, leading scientists of those days soon recognized him as a worthy
successor of Galileo and Descartes. The Principia is still considered as the
greatest scientific book ever written. His third law of motion-that action and
reaction are equal and opposite has done wonders. Present day rockets and jet
planes run on this principle.</div>
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In 1698, Newton was appointed as the Master of the Mint
after working as the Warden of the Mint from 1696. He held this prestigious
position and made many important changes to prevent manufacturing of counterfeit
coins. In 1701, he resigned his fellowship and professorship at the Trinity
College.</div>
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In 1703, Newton was elected president of the Royal Society
and remained on this post till his death. In 1705, Queen Anne honored him by
conferring on him the title of ‘Sir’. He died on March 20, 1727 at the ripe old
age of 85. This great scientist was laid to rest with other eminent personalities
at Westminster Abbey.</div>
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<b><u>Photo Gallery of Sir Isaac Newton</u></b></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPlBDWuaGmdVa0OS9Ud6yEGc85bUM_TFjiTfesDoRoH4CBoD2ODYx0IIsP7eyIqIFoFttJO2x03t9pUoSxnfkJrcsrzc-uf4I2bsiSKgWtc9m3gFrzRKite4wMKDdVYu5kAYSJxWaVQ98/s1600/Sir+Isaac+Newton+Discoveries.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Sir Isaac Newton Discoveries" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPlBDWuaGmdVa0OS9Ud6yEGc85bUM_TFjiTfesDoRoH4CBoD2ODYx0IIsP7eyIqIFoFttJO2x03t9pUoSxnfkJrcsrzc-uf4I2bsiSKgWtc9m3gFrzRKite4wMKDdVYu5kAYSJxWaVQ98/s1600/Sir+Isaac+Newton+Discoveries.jpg" height="380" title="Sir Isaac Newton Discoveries" width="530" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Sir Isaac Newton Discoveries</span></b></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Sir Isaac Newton Images</span></b></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkzM5FK70g3pVF4K-xJtfp4m1cIjzX9n22e0Na3jYQeJJNYU0NaJhPpXTdH2RLgacaI3O393PPYZ966DGBDX0z2skvIXe_rcm9TLGA0q_WImGhJtnffFjwM6KuXRM5ASe9p7fBiOPQG8c/s1600/Sir+Isaac+Newton+Photo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Sir Isaac Newton Photo" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkzM5FK70g3pVF4K-xJtfp4m1cIjzX9n22e0Na3jYQeJJNYU0NaJhPpXTdH2RLgacaI3O393PPYZ966DGBDX0z2skvIXe_rcm9TLGA0q_WImGhJtnffFjwM6KuXRM5ASe9p7fBiOPQG8c/s1600/Sir+Isaac+Newton+Photo.jpg" height="371" title="Sir Isaac Newton Photo" width="530" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Sir Isaac Newton Photo</span></b></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMX84wIve2kRYTLSnrNSceWx5Agzu5A_Iki3X32vTD8jKmCNy5DUZ869qeWz65itVDB9uRSlOecI3Gf4GikFZStqgbhz_jj9VXRm38OH9ISX_swtTofitPANFcVONd2WIlyloo30BGDLI/s1600/Sir+Isaac+Newton+Pictures.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Sir Isaac Newton Pictures" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMX84wIve2kRYTLSnrNSceWx5Agzu5A_Iki3X32vTD8jKmCNy5DUZ869qeWz65itVDB9uRSlOecI3Gf4GikFZStqgbhz_jj9VXRm38OH9ISX_swtTofitPANFcVONd2WIlyloo30BGDLI/s1600/Sir+Isaac+Newton+Pictures.jpg" height="377" title="Sir Isaac Newton Pictures" width="530" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Sir Isaac Newton Pictures</span></b></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigQxpZoWLOyJrsFJuQnSj2NHR9K0i-uB0pcxS-7uwph5Vk7iA6194UmuZoJfaHZ0D_lQr4BM8drnUf_wUPdSVYzxD-EUgE3MOd3oF49c_5sCr9PPOKmHm84qAzQjP_ev1nJ6ZTzhyi0TE/s1600/Sir+Isaac+Newton+Rules.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Sir Isaac Newton Rules" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigQxpZoWLOyJrsFJuQnSj2NHR9K0i-uB0pcxS-7uwph5Vk7iA6194UmuZoJfaHZ0D_lQr4BM8drnUf_wUPdSVYzxD-EUgE3MOd3oF49c_5sCr9PPOKmHm84qAzQjP_ev1nJ6ZTzhyi0TE/s1600/Sir+Isaac+Newton+Rules.jpg" height="640" title="Sir Isaac Newton Rules" width="484" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Sir Isaac Newton Rules</span></b></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Sir Isaac Newton Snaps</span></b></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgP0wTxtN2hTWoz2anZB6MlwZ3_bqVGfuTjX_zkwYtYh3aUJQ1pUOsCPOuzl4a14SKXm-1uRxBbjvGIC-0EkEOjtVHAra-51nnhwcV31px4tDtCLb_74U-cU8J55oN1fl5OHVInvbanWxY/s1600/Sir+Isaac+Newton's%2B%2BInventions.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Sir Isaac Newton's Inventions" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgP0wTxtN2hTWoz2anZB6MlwZ3_bqVGfuTjX_zkwYtYh3aUJQ1pUOsCPOuzl4a14SKXm-1uRxBbjvGIC-0EkEOjtVHAra-51nnhwcV31px4tDtCLb_74U-cU8J55oN1fl5OHVInvbanWxY/s1600/Sir+Isaac+Newton's++Inventions.jpg" height="640" title="Sir Isaac Newton's Inventions" width="491" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Sir Isaac Newton's Inventions</span></b></td></tr>
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Braj Kishor Singhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17590802576861302441noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5062575314837303624.post-5467596633325955272014-11-11T12:30:00.000+05:302014-11-11T12:39:37.819+05:30Scientist Galileo Galilei (15th Feb. 1564 – 6th Jan. 1642)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Scientist Galileo Galilei </b></td></tr>
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Eminent astronomer, physicist and seeker of truth – Galileo
Galilei was born on February 15, 1564, in Pisa, a town in Italy. His father
<b>Vincenjio Galilei</b> was a wool trader. Galileo belonged to a upper-class family,
but their economic condition was not so good. He was the eldest in the family
of seven brothers and sisters. His father studied music and was a music lover.
Galileo inherited this trait. Since childhood he played the flute very well and
was a good hand at drawing. He was an intelligent child, who designed various
toys. This artistic streak made him popular among the local folk.</div>
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At that time Pisa town was part of the Tusque state of
Italy. It was the center of art and knowledge. Galileo’s childhood was spent in
this artistic and literary environment. It is a coincidence that this great
scientist and England’s famous playwright William Shakespeare were born in the
same year. At a young age Galileo was sent to the local school to study
under the priests. Actually, he learnt more from his father than at his school.
In 1581, at the age of 17, his father admitted him to the Pisa University to
study medicine. But his mind was set on mathematics. Meanwhile, coming I
contact with a scholar mathematician, his interest in mathematics became
strong. Gradually, he gained mastery over mathematics.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigSBT8uZqmfxJX_tZ10rn7_2zrUNBSe_ak9unM9JJ2hYsGmO2GAcQ7awGvTyMXwNCaMPeAdQF_BqqGLeatxe6WR8nAHeifUeksS3BOoC006D_5l__dQqgxv-MJKEma5W0h6eWlqno11ls/s1600/Galileo+Galilei+Photos.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigSBT8uZqmfxJX_tZ10rn7_2zrUNBSe_ak9unM9JJ2hYsGmO2GAcQ7awGvTyMXwNCaMPeAdQF_BqqGLeatxe6WR8nAHeifUeksS3BOoC006D_5l__dQqgxv-MJKEma5W0h6eWlqno11ls/s1600/Galileo+Galilei+Photos.jpg" title="Super Scientist Galileo Galilei Photo" /></a> </td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Super Scientist Galileo Galilei Photo</span></b></td></tr>
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Meanwhile, at the age of 20, he made his first discovery
public. At a cathedral in Pisa, he noticed a hanging chandelier from the
ceiling swinging in the breeze. He counted his pulse and measured the time
taken for one oscillation of the chandelier and found that there was regularity
in its swinging. At the end of his study he concluded that if we swing
pendulums of equal lengths at any speed, the time for one swing remains the
same. He also demonstrated practical application of his discovery
of the pendulum. Patients undergoing treatment can measure their pulse with a
pendulum. He also visualized a watch based on a pendulum, but did not make it.
Sometime later Christiaan Huygens made a clock using a pendulum. It showed the
minutes and seconds. Thus, his pendulum also served a practical purpose.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKNMC4vzyW9n1WVpbbr6XdrWOx8FWR0PuGAx2ifRtKSdePEQi-FJr0MSDugpgWTRjKo06JbqHQcvzNN2EqllF1gNvjGeMJDOlO85EVXy0KXlpzjAk7XsMzr81V8j2KKCYl0lBDSKrpki4/s1600/Super+Scientist+Galileo+Galilei.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKNMC4vzyW9n1WVpbbr6XdrWOx8FWR0PuGAx2ifRtKSdePEQi-FJr0MSDugpgWTRjKo06JbqHQcvzNN2EqllF1gNvjGeMJDOlO85EVXy0KXlpzjAk7XsMzr81V8j2KKCYl0lBDSKrpki4/s1600/Super+Scientist+Galileo+Galilei.jpg" title="Super Scientist Galileo Galilei" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Super Scientist Galileo Galilei</span></b></td></tr>
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In 1585, he went through a financial crisis. This resulted
in his abandoning midway his university education through he continued with his
self-study. Now, his interest centered on mathematics. On the basis of his
study, he openly criticized Aristotle’s laws of motion. His deep study and
fascination for mathematics came to the knowledge of the local grand Duke. The
Duke appointed Galileo as professor of mathematics at Pisa University. This did
not bode well with the other professors of that time who were jealous of the
appointment of this 25 year old new professor. Moreover, Galileo did not even
possess any university degree. He also raised questions on laws propounded by
Aristotle. His courage to question the truth of Aristotle’s laws irked the
senior professors who openly displayed it.</div>
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On seeing a falling stone and leaf, Aristotle had concluded
that the lighter object would take more time to cover equal distance to the
ground. Galileo reasoned that it was due to the obstruction caused by air.
Galileo took two stones of different weights and dropped them from Pisa’s
famous Leaning Tower. Though both stones varied in weight they fell on the
ground at the same time. Galileo proved his point and questioned Aristotle’s
hypothesis. Though the senior professors were present during the experiment,
they were reluctant to accept it.</div>
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It was a time when stop clocks were not available to measure
time accurately. Depending on the height of Pisa Tower any object dropped from
the top would take not more than three seconds to touch the ground. He found
out another way to measure time. He took a 22 feet (approx 670 cm) long piece of teak-wood. After
making a deep groove in the wood, it was bent slightly. This groove was
chiseled to make it smooth and friction less, so that the ball placed in the
groove could slowly move towards the ground. To measure time he had placed a
pierced bucket with water falling drop by drop. He collected this water and
measured time. To find out the effect of gravity, he performed this experiment
and made some unique observations. He derived his laws of motion through this
experiment. He derived his laws of motion through this experiment. He proved
the mathematical laws experimentally. He further derived new laws of motion
from it which were different from the established laws.</div>
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The orthodox professors and religious leaders of that time
did not accept his findings. They believed in the saying ‘old is gold’. The few
who opposed him made efforts to relieve him from Pisa University. Finally, fed
up with the opposition, he resigned from his post in 1592. For someone who
spoke the truth and unfaltering in his belief, Galileo had to face a few tough
days. With discontinuation of his income he faced a crisis. In fact, his
intellectual prowess made many people jealous of him and some also developed an
inferiority complex. Others were not ready for change. Thus, Galileo got
isolated. After resigning from Pisa, he went to his father’s house in Florence.
But, his father met an untimely death. As the eldest son, the responsibility of
seven brothers and sisters fell on him. Despite this he did not waver from his
charted path.</div>
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Meanwhile, he got a job as professor of mathematics at Padua
University in Venice. His salary was also good. Gradually his difficulties
ceased. He stayed there for 18 years and it was a period of relative prosperity
and fame. Students from all over the world came to study under him. The future
German emperor too, came to study here. He got interested in Astronomy after coming to Venice. In
1609, he got the news that some scientist in Holland had designed a telescope
with the help of a lens. He, too, designed his own telescope. The news of his
telescope spread far and wide and people started flocking to see it. On the
request of the royalty of Venice, he agreed to publicly display his telescope.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmjUJ0NC9hWKvJUJqHkB1wpxub-jqZBLD89_ONKN5f9B8tLbkeVE5a7GW_p1wRZBhAseH44fPsknG46ULD8NXbjrEoPg1t9XWRmJd_dqnynU0krdlZE9FL7Ohiz7cwRQxmha_ZbFYwz-k/s1600/Galileo+Galilei+Photo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmjUJ0NC9hWKvJUJqHkB1wpxub-jqZBLD89_ONKN5f9B8tLbkeVE5a7GW_p1wRZBhAseH44fPsknG46ULD8NXbjrEoPg1t9XWRmJd_dqnynU0krdlZE9FL7Ohiz7cwRQxmha_ZbFYwz-k/s1600/Galileo+Galilei+Photo.jpg" title="Scientist Galileo Galilei" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Scientist Galileo Galilei</b></span></td></tr>
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For observing the sky with the telescope, he placed his
telescope on the dome of the town’s tallest church, and observed the ships plying
in the far sea. According to Galileo, and object which was 50 miles away could
be seen just five miles away through the telescope. The Prince of Venice
requested Galileo for a telescope for the army and the navy. He accepted the
offer and gained respect and an increase in salary. Galileo observed the sky with his telescope. He first
observed the moon and became the first human being to do so. Viewing the moon
he came to realize that the moon was not flat, but comprised of mountains and
valleys. He also measured the height of mountains on the moon. He noted that
the planets, like the stars, did not shine on their own but depended on some
outside source for light.</div>
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He also took note of the fact that stars are sources of
light, which emit light rays in all directions. He observed the sky and noted
that the galaxy is clusters of stars. He focused his telescope on Jupiter and
first found out its four moons. He also found out that the earth reflects the
Sun’s light. Someone who views the earth from the moon will find same
characteristics as in the moon when one views it from the earth. He opposed the
traditional belief and announced that earth was not the centre of the universe.
Scholars and religious leaders were furious and rained insults at him. Thus,
all his new findings gave him fame as well as foes. </div>
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Galileo had a well-paid, permanent job in Venice. But his
heart cried out for Florence, his native land. He began efforts to return to
Florence. He thought of penning down his discoveries. His efforts bore fruit
when the Grand Duke appointed him as the duke’s mathematical advisor. In 1611,
he left Venice for Florence. His troubles began soon after he set foot here.
Florence was the seat of the Pope’s decree. Galileo backed his discoveries with
Copernicus theories. When Galileo visited the Pope in Rome, he was deceived
into accepting the allegiance. He was banned from spreading Copernicus beliefs
opposing religious order among the people. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6eozMj08KvfXHhDjeOgudAUJsoFcf9_QqXWrKxK8KHfr_sx0eAKj6xHY21dVz_dqeNrLnIQUz04Nqa6TD_rYQM9pbPVbWxmzzz2NvvhyasB73n9qDq0neXttQv6BAKveJ3GPRg4vW4CQ/s1600/Great+Scientist+Galieo+Galilei's%2BInventions.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6eozMj08KvfXHhDjeOgudAUJsoFcf9_QqXWrKxK8KHfr_sx0eAKj6xHY21dVz_dqeNrLnIQUz04Nqa6TD_rYQM9pbPVbWxmzzz2NvvhyasB73n9qDq0neXttQv6BAKveJ3GPRg4vW4CQ/s1600/Great+Scientist+Galieo+Galilei's+Inventions.jpg" height="320" title="Galileo Galilei's Invention" width="228" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Galileo Galilei's Invention</span></b></td></tr>
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Galileo was now a broken man. In 1618 he had proposed a
theory on the flood and abb-tides of the seas. This theory was also on the
lines of Copernicus beliefs. It was believed then that the ebb and flood tide
occurred according to the wishes of the Almighty. Galileo asked for permission
to publish a book based on science. After a long delay he was granted
permission. When the book was published and reached the Pope, he declared it
against religion and accused Galileo of getting it printed through illegal
means. The Book was banned. He was charged with fraud. Suddenly, everything
seemed to go against him. </div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">In
1634, at the age of 70 Galileo appeared in court. He was forced to accept the
verdict and he stated, “I am now giving up my untruthful theories.” He also
said that, “from now </span><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 16.8666667938232px;">onward</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"> I will not spread these false theories.”. The
experts in the court declared “ Earth is the </span><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 16.8666667938232px;">center</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"> of the universe not the
Sun.” He was sentenced to solitary confinement for the rest of his life. He
spent the last eight years of his life in seclusion. Prior Permission was
needed for any person to meet him. Galileo was worn down both mentally and
physically. Finally, on January 6, 1642, this great thinker and researcher
breathed his last, ending his suffering.
</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg55IwU2VNTZ8xPq4UZQPcBuFCuXL0f4CPdAdHL8BgsK-3P53EuOGckAOcPKub_vL-h-wD-RPvIXwuB2HsnYbMA2xLDNu4XsVGKkZ5a8jvoSStj0rEgzH8rTgP4PUL2MCYRcF3fnRmdO7E/s1600/Galileo+Galilei+Pictures.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg55IwU2VNTZ8xPq4UZQPcBuFCuXL0f4CPdAdHL8BgsK-3P53EuOGckAOcPKub_vL-h-wD-RPvIXwuB2HsnYbMA2xLDNu4XsVGKkZ5a8jvoSStj0rEgzH8rTgP4PUL2MCYRcF3fnRmdO7E/s1600/Galileo+Galilei+Pictures.jpg" height="350" title="Famous Scientist Galileo Galilei Image " width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Famous Scientist Galileo Galilei Image</b> </span></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9mFLK1RtDBgj8FmYtnR-T9kmsD3EHzQMJUO_fAcOCWsTwBFRMfBIujBe-ExrG60n_WMKdmWCF4gR47zH-zsyeW_b2IoREqNVwhTItG3fkSispWHBhyphenhyphenf3IyQlKGMFwoaNIAG0bjnLSLO0/s1600/Galileo+Galilei+Scientist.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9mFLK1RtDBgj8FmYtnR-T9kmsD3EHzQMJUO_fAcOCWsTwBFRMfBIujBe-ExrG60n_WMKdmWCF4gR47zH-zsyeW_b2IoREqNVwhTItG3fkSispWHBhyphenhyphenf3IyQlKGMFwoaNIAG0bjnLSLO0/s1600/Galileo+Galilei+Scientist.jpg" height="249" title="Super Scientist Galileo Galilei Picture" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Super Scientist Galileo Galilei Picture</b></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHk7tRdo_JwPWESLj7cZUYXhZQCLT4siQjlNb8PG8WxSmKL4GbB6o9jRLXij0rLIqRlQeAsfSYlaHVen4d21cavsFrdDoGlpfm59w1MFG8LqTuJCARQQnMz1LhmNTsdIyYkHrJjrnx7aA/s1600/Galileo+Galilei's%2BInvention.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHk7tRdo_JwPWESLj7cZUYXhZQCLT4siQjlNb8PG8WxSmKL4GbB6o9jRLXij0rLIqRlQeAsfSYlaHVen4d21cavsFrdDoGlpfm59w1MFG8LqTuJCARQQnMz1LhmNTsdIyYkHrJjrnx7aA/s1600/Galileo+Galilei's+Invention.jpg" height="224" title="Great Scientist Galileo Galilei's Invention" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Great Scientist Galileo Galilei's Invention</b></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyZn5g5AS0SfIsvrvc_HFQJ7p-ROMFxd5p9Y43LryQUZVRQJLs4IQHSV90JS79R3av1ykOm-Kn_limSa2k-nnaYrBjbIAY96gZ8pwrRivjoMwK0qEprpYKpWWhOXCSAQ6zNL_mnhYezcg/s1600/Invention+of+scientist+Galileo+Galilei.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyZn5g5AS0SfIsvrvc_HFQJ7p-ROMFxd5p9Y43LryQUZVRQJLs4IQHSV90JS79R3av1ykOm-Kn_limSa2k-nnaYrBjbIAY96gZ8pwrRivjoMwK0qEprpYKpWWhOXCSAQ6zNL_mnhYezcg/s1600/Invention+of+scientist+Galileo+Galilei.jpg" height="260" title="Great Scientist Galileo Galilei's Invention photos" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Great Scientist Galileo Galilei's Invention photos</b></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoV7y2VUR9noXZuEWxtX1jkaVCB_U8wZwsgc7bfg_EG07D3QZOdfQ-f8rk7T-kkwc-tEw_c0U4k652ZEcWYc3tSGMYdEBU3CZ4-PaBiTqrFeYHOPum77rz1ubtmXgevL0Q15vZ9uX7slg/s1600/Scientist+Galileo+Galilei.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoV7y2VUR9noXZuEWxtX1jkaVCB_U8wZwsgc7bfg_EG07D3QZOdfQ-f8rk7T-kkwc-tEw_c0U4k652ZEcWYc3tSGMYdEBU3CZ4-PaBiTqrFeYHOPum77rz1ubtmXgevL0Q15vZ9uX7slg/s1600/Scientist+Galileo+Galilei.jpg" height="323" title="Great Scientist Galileo Galilei Snaps" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Great Scientist Galileo Galilei Snaps</b></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></div>
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Braj Kishor Singhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17590802576861302441noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5062575314837303624.post-71479333397857131032014-10-27T12:05:00.000+05:302014-10-27T12:16:10.325+05:30Prof U R Rao (The great Scientist of India)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhh1jWelhafYvIyAuH90PNc8IziebGPuphEPhWg7aaMUSrZwiHyyOcnqCapCUQukvnFZQYJKZ9XdSLIxvds-iTCu6AccawS-6RfJ3Gl5k-hjnu_cZIj2M3WoPXaLPI4xsKEHmTYK7PjWIk/s1600/Prof+Udupi+Ramchandra+Rao+Photo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhh1jWelhafYvIyAuH90PNc8IziebGPuphEPhWg7aaMUSrZwiHyyOcnqCapCUQukvnFZQYJKZ9XdSLIxvds-iTCu6AccawS-6RfJ3Gl5k-hjnu_cZIj2M3WoPXaLPI4xsKEHmTYK7PjWIk/s1600/Prof+Udupi+Ramchandra+Rao+Photo.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Prof. U. R. Rao </b></td></tr>
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Considered one of the leading space scientists in the world,
<b>Dr U R Rao</b> was born on March 10, 1932, in Admar village in the south Canara
district in Karnataka state. His father’s name was Lakshminarayan Rao and his
mother’s name was Krishnavalli. His full name was <b>Udupi Ramchandra Rao.</b> He
completed his school and college education from a place near his village. Very
fond of reading during his school and college days, he was among the top
rankers in class. He passed BSc with a first class in physics and joined the
Varanasi (Benaras) Hindu University for his post-graduation. In 1953, he passed
MSc with a first class. The same year he went to Ahmadabad and joined the
Physical Research Laboratory (PRL) for his PhD and began research on cosmic
rays under the guidance of Dr. Vikram Sarabhai. In 1960, he received PhD. for
further studies, in 1961, he received post-doctoral fellowship from the
Massachusetts institute of Technology, Boston. There he carried our further
research on cosmic rays and solar winds. After two years of research here, he
worked as assistant professor at South West Center for advance Studies in Texas
University, from 1963 to 1966.</div>
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In 1966, he returned to India and once again joined PRL as
Fellow and continued with his research. Thus, began his second phase of life.
Here he began research studies on X-rays and gamma rays in cosmic rays. These
experiments involved use of balloons, rockets and satellites, which were used
as payloads. Meanwhile, Rao served as associate professor at PRL from 1968 to 1970. In 1970, he was promoted as professor. He worked on that
post for two years. In 1972, he was appointed as director of ISRO Satellite
Centre in Bangalore. He successfully discharged his duties here till 1984.
During his researches at PRL, he and his colleagues had made important
contributions towards understanding the interplanetary medium. His research on
solar winds has increased our understanding of the subject. The data
interpretation of American Satellites pioneer I and Pioneer II became easy due to
his researches. His understanding of the solar winds by unraveling the American
satellite Mariner II observations provided a new insight to the world of
science. He was the first to establish the relationship between geomagnetic
storms and solar winds with the help of observations made on earth. For his
highly accurate analysis of the Pioneer 6,7,8, and 9 observations, he was
awarded the ‘Group achievement Award, by National Aeronautics & Space
administration (NASA) in 1973.</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Prof. U R Rao Photo</b></td></tr>
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His third phase of life started with his appointment as
director of ISRO Satellite Centre at Bangalore. After his return from America,
his second phase was spent at PRL, where he received guidance from Dr. Vikram
Sarabhai whenever he needed. At Banglore, he started development of the new
institute and after Dr. Sarabhai’s death, fully concentrated on enriching the
space department and reinforcing the satellite technology. This resulted in the
design and construction on India’s Aryabhatt satellite in 1975, under his
guidance. This was successfully launched from the Russian Cosmodrome and was well
in control thereafter. Then the design, development and successful orbit of
Bhaskar I and II were carried out in 1979 and 1981. Under Rao’s leadership, the
first experimental geostationary satellite ‘Apple’ was put into orbit in June,
1981. This gave a boost to the development of this new technology in the
country. Thereafter, the Indian Remote Sending (IRS) satellites and the INSAT
satellites for broadcasting and meteorological purposes were designed,
developed and successfully sent into orbit. The success achieved in putting
them in appropriate orbit has increased the faith in Indian scientists and
technicians. All this happened under Prof. Rao’s able leadership.</div>
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On October 2, 1984 Prof Rao was appointed chairman of ISRO
and secretary of Space Commissions, Government of India. He was entrusted the
entire responsibility of the country’s space programme. Taking forward the
programme by guiding the scientists and engineers, he performed his duties successfully
till 1994. Under his leadership the country’s space programs took a giant leap
and made various achievements. During his tenure, satellite launch vehicles
were produced. This achievement was recognized. Launch vehicles like the ASLV,
which could launch a satellite with a payload of 150 Kg in lower orbit and
PSLV, which could launch a satellite with a payload of 1000 kg in polar orbit
were prepared. Besides, special cryogenic engines are acquired to produce
launch vehicles for GSLV geostationary satellites. These satellite launch
vehicles can put satellites with 2.5 ton payload into orbit. </div>
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Prof Rao has played an important role in enhancing India’s
name in the world of space science. This is the reason why many institutes,
universities and many governments in the country and abroad have lauded his
efforts. In 1975, the Russian Science Academy, while praising his efforts for
the successful launch of Aryabhatt satellite, honoured him with the Russian
‘Medal of Honour’. The same year, he was awarded the ‘Dr. Vikram Sarabhai
Research Award’ instituted by the Hariom Ashrama, for his contribution to space
physics. He was also awarded the ‘Dr. Shantiswaroop Bhatnagar Prize’ for his
contribution to engineering science. The Karnataka government conferred on him
the ‘State Award’. In 1980, the Indian Engineering Institute gave him the
‘National Design Award’ and for his contribution to electronics science and
technology, he was given the year’s ‘Vasvik Research Award’. For his services
to the country, the President conferred on him the Padma Bhushan.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Prof Udupi Ramchandra Rao </b></td></tr>
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In 1987, the National Science Academy awarded Rao the ‘P C
Mahalanobis Medal’. In 1991, the Russian Space Flight Federation honoured him
with the ‘Yuri Gagarin Medal’. In 1992, for his cooperation in the journey of
space, the international community ( of which he is the Vice-president) awarded
him the ‘Allen D’mil Memorial Award’. In 1995, India’s scientific community
honoured him with the ‘Aryabhatt Award’. The same year he was given the Bhasin
Award. Kolkata (Calcutta) University along with Mysore University, as well as
other universities in the country and abroad have conferred on him honorary
doctorate degrees. The National Science Academy, Institute of Electronics and
Telecommunications, National Engineering Academy, and Indian Astronautical
Society have honoured him with a Fellowship and gave him honorary membership.
He is the president of the Indian Rocket Society. He was honoured as visiting
scientist to Texas University and other universities. In 1996, he was presented
the ‘Dr. Vikram Sarabhai International Award’.</div>
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Today, he works as chairman of the PRL governing body.
Besides, he is associated with various institutions. He has to his credit, more
than 150 research papers. He has also written a book on the Aryabhatt project
with his colleague Dr. Kasturirangan. It describes in detail about the project,
its results and also analysis of its images. In 1996, he had detailed
discussions with the then Prime Minister Narasimha Rao, on how science and
technology would be useful in increasing foodgrain production, economic
development and health of the country, and wrote a book in this connection.
Thus, he has served the country in various fields. We pray to the almighty to
grant him good health and long life, so that he continues to guide the country
in space research.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Great Scientist Udupi Ramchandra Rao Photo</span></b></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Prof U R Rao Images</b></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Prof U R Rao Photo</b></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Prof U R Rao Pictures</span></b></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Prof-U-R-Rao Photo</b></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Prof. U.R. Rao Images</b></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Scientist Prof U R Rao Photos</span></b></td></tr>
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Braj Kishor Singhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17590802576861302441noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5062575314837303624.post-23308624182419695842014-10-07T13:48:00.000+05:302014-10-07T13:54:42.083+05:30Professor K R Ramanathan (28 Feb. 1893 - 31 Dec. 1984 )<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyNnuRLpwW7M_9PLM3tjydUTzxwSZOGfKHc7NTev2j_stEDbpPQOF6Xwz4Tgcmtr9sY20e_PLU_DmGIoXrZKWtY3WDyeZbNCfCmMWGFQyUdqmlIav_SL5EJA1qWbUdUjBcPMQnTk6_U8g/s1600/K.+R.+Ramanathan+Photo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Prof. K R Ramanathan" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyNnuRLpwW7M_9PLM3tjydUTzxwSZOGfKHc7NTev2j_stEDbpPQOF6Xwz4Tgcmtr9sY20e_PLU_DmGIoXrZKWtY3WDyeZbNCfCmMWGFQyUdqmlIav_SL5EJA1qWbUdUjBcPMQnTk6_U8g/s1600/K.+R.+Ramanathan+Photo.jpg" height="320" title="Prof. K R Ramanathan" width="266" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Prof. K R. Ramanathan</b></td></tr>
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<b>Professor K R Ramanathan</b>, a scientist with broad outlook was
born on February 28, 1893 in kalpathi village in Palghat district of Kerala.
His full name was Kalpathi Ramkrishnan Ramanathan. His mother’s name was
Subbhalakshmi. His father was a scholar in Sanskrit and the Vedas, besides
having deep knowledge of astronomy. </div>
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When Ramanathan was 13 years old, his mother died. He then
had to bear the responsibility of his four younger sisters and almost blind
grandmother. He completed his primary and secondary education in his village.
He was an intelligent boy, who maintained his first rank throughout his
education. He then joined Victoria College at Palghat for his intermediate
studies. Later, he joined the Presidency College in Chennai (Madras) to
complete his graduation in physics, in 1914 and post-graduation in 1917.</div>
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Prof Stevenson, his examiner at the MA practical
examination, was so impressed by Ramanathan’s viva voce replies that after he
cleared the examination, Stevenson got him a job as demonstrator at the physics
department of the Maharaja College in Thiruvananthapuram (Trivandrum). He
worked for seven years in this college. There was a small office of the state
meteorological department in the college premises. He took up the
responsibility of observation for the meteorological department. This fuelled
his interest in meteorology and also gave him some experience. During this time
he had trekked the Nilgiri Mountains and weather observations were noted at
difference heights up to 1,800 meters. Moreover, he had gathered reports of
rainfall in different parts of Thiruvananthapuram and written a research paper
on it. In 1919, this research paper was published in one magazine.</div>
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<a href="http://scientistsinformation.blogspot.in/search/label/C%20V%20Raman">Prof C V Raman’s</a> popularity and work impressed Ramanathan.
They were in touch through correspondence. Raman invited Ramanathan to Kolkata
(Calcutta) to do research under his guidance. Meanwhile, Ramanathan received a
one year scholarship from Chennai University to conduct research. He took leave
from Thiruvananthapuram and headed straight for Kolkata to do research with
Raman. He became the first research student of Raman. When light rays hit minute particles they get scattered in
all directions. This process is known as ‘Scattering of Light’. Lord Rayleigh
had then proposed that if these minute particles are small compared to the
wavelength of light, then the scattering of light with the smallest wavelength
is prominent. The atoms in the atmosphere are very small compared to the
wavelength of light. Therefore, during the day, the Sun’s visible blue-colored
light with the smallest wavelength scatters the most. This is the reason why
blue-colored light can be visible prominently from all directions. Therefore
the sky appears blue in colour.</div>
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At sunrise and sunset, the sunrays travel longer distance
through the atmosphere to reach the earth. Due to scattering, except the light
with the maximum wavelength the rest is dispersed. Therefore, light with the
maximum wavelength meaning red light reaches us. So the light over the horizon
during the morning and evening appears red or orange. In space or in vacuum
there is no atmosphere; hence, scattering of sunlight takes place. Therefore,
the sky appears black when viewed from space. Raman was conducting research on scattering of light in
Kolkata at that time. Ramanathan too joined in this research. During this study
they witnessed a unique new phenomenon termed as ‘feeble fluorescence’.
However, neither Raman nor he could come to any plausible conclusion. Later,
this event led Raman to the world famous Raman effect. Thus, the discoverer of
the Raman’s effect, C V Raman considered Ramanathan as his first lieutenant.
Thereafter, Raman’s second lieutenant Dr. K S Krishnan took forward this work in
Kolkata.</div>
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The discovery of Raman Effect was announced on February 28,
1928, in Kolkata. Prof Ramanathan’s birthday also falls on the same day. The
Government of India has declared February 28 as National Science Day.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFwfOUKCZAD049UApKiZviOS8OaM-gUT31dovN7_EbhughyLbKskE4i5x9FxOJ4iz6__cfvyG3gB0YUsnMqO6v_SZNeLkyiFfjHfyDnh4RVlaJJ5rlyjP-d-evbWz8z2S8-3_gpsF5JBs/s1600/Scientist+K+R+Ramanathan+Images.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFwfOUKCZAD049UApKiZviOS8OaM-gUT31dovN7_EbhughyLbKskE4i5x9FxOJ4iz6__cfvyG3gB0YUsnMqO6v_SZNeLkyiFfjHfyDnh4RVlaJJ5rlyjP-d-evbWz8z2S8-3_gpsF5JBs/s1600/Scientist+K+R+Ramanathan+Images.jpg" height="320" width="232" /></a></div>
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During his one-year stay in Kolkata, Ramanathan published
about 10 scientific research papers in the world’s leading research magazines.
For his thesis based on these published papers he was awarded the degree of
Doctor of Science by Chennai University. Chennai University had awarded the
first Dsc degree to Ramanathan. His one-year research scholarship was also
over. To fulfil his household responsibilities it was necessary for him to take
up a good job. In the meantime, he got an invitation from Myanmar’s (Burma’s)
Rangoon University to join as assistant lecturer in physics. After seeking
advice of Raman, Ramanathan accepted the job and left for Rangoon with his wife
Parvati in 1922. To remain in touch with research, Ramanathan would rush to
Kolkata at every conceivable opportunity. He stayed in Rangoon, for two years.
Meanwhile, he was invited by the Indian Meteorological Department to join as a
first grade scientist. After consulting Prof C V Raman, he resigned from
Rangoon University and joined the Meteorological Department at its head office
in Shimla. Till retirement he was with this department. He worked at various
places during his tenure. In the meantime, he was given the main responsibility
of setting up the geomagnetic laboratory at Colaba, Mumbai (Bombay) and at
Alibaug. From Shimala, he came down to Mumbai. He was then transferred to Agra.
Here, using rubber balloons he recorded the high atmospheric temperature,
humidity, air pressure and made a detailed study. In 1928, the head office of
the Meteorological Deparment was shifted to Pune (Poona) from Shimala.
Ramanathan was then transferred to Pune and given additional responsibilities,
which he fulfilled efficiently. </div>
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During World War II, the Japanese army had reached Myanmar.
At that time it was necessary to predict the exact weather conditions in the
higher atmosphere for the safe flying of planes in Assam. Ramanathan was
appointed as superintending Weather Scientist and assigned the entire
responsibility, which he fulfilled effectively. For his excellent services
during the war, the British government honored him with the title Diwan
Bahadur. He never made use of this title. His contribution in the field of
meteorology was noteworthy. His research of the ozone layer during his tenure
in the department had brought him international fame. He had reached the
position of Director-General in the Meteorological Department. He retired in
February 1948. At the age of 55. </div>
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Before retirement he had come in contact with Dr. Vikram
Sarabhai. Sarabhai wanted to set up a modern laboratory in Ahmadabad. He
invited the mature and experienced scientist Dr. Ramanathan to come to
Ahmadabad after retirement and join the laboratory that was to be set up
shortly as its director. Dr Ramanathan accepted the offer.</div>
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On March 1, 1948, two days after his retirement, Dr.
Ramanathan came down to Ahmadabad and took charge as Director of the Physical
Research Laboratory (PRL). PRL was established in November, 1947. Initially,
the work began at <a href="http://scientistsinformation.blogspot.in/search/label/Vikram%20A%20Sarabhai">Vikaram Sarabhai’s</a> bungalow – ‘Retreat’ in the Shahibaug
area. In a few months the work was shifted to a few rooms in the M G Science Institute
in the University area. In February, 1952, Raman laid the foundation of the new
PRL building opposite, Ahmadabad Textile Industries Research Association
(ATIRA). In April, 1954, India’s first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru formally
inaugurated the new building. Gradually, the institute progressed. In 1966,
Ramanathan relinquished the Director’s post and continued his services as
Professor Emeritus. He continued to guide in research and administration till
his last days.</div>
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After joining PRL as Director, in 1948 he took a trip to
Europe for the first time and visited the various laboratories there. He also
attended the Eighth General meeting of the International Geology and Geophysics
Society at Norway (Oslo). There he presented his research paper on ozone layer.
At this conference he was elected Vice-president of the International
Meteorological Society. Thereafter, he had to go often abroad to attend
seminars, workshops and meetings. He was elected the president at the
international Conference of the World Meteorological Society held at Belgium in
1951. Again in 1954 at its conference in Rome, Italy, he was elected President
for three years.</div>
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The 18 month period from July 1957 to December 1958 was
celebrated as the International Geophysical Year (IGY). Dr. Ramanathan played
an important role in this event. He was appointed Chairman of the Indian
Committee. The headquarters of this society were located at PRL. In 1960, an
honorary fellowship was awarded by Royal Meteorological Society, England to
Ramanathan. He was the first Indian to get this honour. In 1961, the World
Weather Organization honoured Ramanathan with the institute’s medal. From
1961-67, he was appointed Chairman of the International Ozone Commission. Four years after he came and settled in Ahmadabad, his wife
Parvatiamma died. He regained his composure even during this difficult time. In
1966, the directorship was given to Sarabhai. Whenever it was necessary,
Ramanathan would guide and advise him. Meanwhile, with the unexpected death of
Dr. Homi Bhabha, Chairman of India’s Atomic Energy Commission in a plane
accident, The commission’s charge was already the Chairman of the Space
Research Organisation, besides being the Director of PRL. He had to shoulder
the responsibilities of three institutions. During such moments, Ramanathan
calmly guided him. The sudden death of Sarabhai on December 30, 1971, deeply
shocked Ramanathan. Yet again, he patiently carried on, showing no signs of
breakdown.</div>
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Ramanathan always showed courage during difficult times.
Honours and awards never flattered him. He remained stoic and till the end
continued to work. The author of this article has had some memorable
experiences with him. In the initial years of PRL (1950-54), under his
guidance, the author worked as a research scholar and obtained his
post-graduate degree. Again in the golden era of PRL, the author joined as a
research scientist and got the opportunity to do research with Ramanathan.
During this time he got many opportunities to know him from close quarters.
Prof Ramanathan was a father figure to his students. After his retirement, Ramanathan came and settled in Ahmadabad.
The major part of his life, more than 35 years were spent here. His
contribution to Gujarat and especially Ahmadabad, in the field of education and
physics in particular, is invaluable.</div>
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The Government of India honoured Reamanathan with the padam
Bhushan in 1965 and the Padma Vibhushan in 1976. In 1977, the National Science
Academy awarded him the Aryabhatt Medal. He had also chaired the Indian Science
Academy’s prestigious Raman Chair. In 1985, at the ripe old age of 92, he died
after a brief illness. Till his last breath he had taken keen interest in
scientific activities. To keep alive his memory, in the centenary year of the
late Prof Ramanathan, the newly built air-conditioned auditorium at PRL was
named as the ‘K R Ramanathan Auditorium’. Moreover, with an individual
contribution by his son Dr. Krishna Ramanathan and financial assistance from
PRL, every year a leading scientist is invited to deliver the Prof Ramanathan
Memorial Lecture.</div>
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Braj Kishor Singhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17590802576861302441noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5062575314837303624.post-42033268770925849252012-05-02T12:44:00.000+05:302012-05-02T13:17:50.622+05:30Michael Faraday (22 September 1791 – 25 August 1867)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBIyuGiUA5oud3XGw72yxrjglF_hf9tvJmJQSmj_Q_EDeR2S0uneIZnSKkukQHKwZgClYBlukFI68VDiEO43pllLURUk1rx5tGbSKn4hoMHa3kwqq3h6t8_o1kpctahjjX-6g2bBRorVc/s1600/Michael+Faraday++Photo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; cssfloat: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBIyuGiUA5oud3XGw72yxrjglF_hf9tvJmJQSmj_Q_EDeR2S0uneIZnSKkukQHKwZgClYBlukFI68VDiEO43pllLURUk1rx5tGbSKn4hoMHa3kwqq3h6t8_o1kpctahjjX-6g2bBRorVc/s320/Michael+Faraday++Photo.jpg" width="210" /></a><strong>Michael Faraday</strong> (22 September 1791 – 25 August 1867) was a scientist, chemist, physicist and philosopher who greatly contributed to the fields of electromagnetism and electrochemistry. His main discoveries include that of the Magnetic Field, Induction, Diamagnetism and Electrolysis. </div>
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<strong>Michael Farady</strong> was born at Newington, Surrey, now a part of South London on <strong>September 22, 1791</strong>. His father was a blacksmith who has migrated in search of work form the north of England in 1791. Due to ill health he faced lot of difficulties at work. His mother was a country woman of great calm and wisdom who supported her son emotionally through a difficult childhood. Born in such a family, he had to make do with the available education of alphabets and arithmetic from the Church Sunday school. Physically too, Michael was weak and skinny. Faraday had three other siblings and all of them could barely be fed as their father was ill and often incapable of doing any work. It is said that Faraday reminisced having lived on one loaf of bread for a week. Belonging to the small Sandemanian sect of the Christian faith, religion provided Faraday spiritual power to survive all adverse situations. This had the single most important effect on him that led him in quest of nature and approach towards life in general. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdf6ZuP3L0as73DQJxZzwXrkZ3Gc_mvymxmkXeIgJwzELtMtQP9XKJo3FwUR7Ov4M5JmWdLKP763PtVL_mMDgaTupiTM9Rp6c_9qhdKhsvU90ydyixyfvucZf6Cc1574tFJJY5ZotqOFo/s1600/Michael+Faraday+Images.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdf6ZuP3L0as73DQJxZzwXrkZ3Gc_mvymxmkXeIgJwzELtMtQP9XKJo3FwUR7Ov4M5JmWdLKP763PtVL_mMDgaTupiTM9Rp6c_9qhdKhsvU90ydyixyfvucZf6Cc1574tFJJY5ZotqOFo/s320/Michael+Faraday+Images.jpg" width="220" /></a><div style="text-align: justify;">
One kind-hearted distributor of books gave him the job of distributing newspapers and at the age of 13, he employed him at his shop and also taught him book- binding work. Thus, his going to school came to an abrupt end. Finding time out of his working hours, he began reading books available there thus acquiring knowledge. He came across an exhaustive write-up on electricity in the third edition of Encyclopaedia Britannica which opened new vistas for him. This reading brought a great transformation in his life. He was so inspired by it that he went on to purchase necessary items to make a Leyden jar. Using old bottles and lumber, he made this crude electrostatic generator and conducted simple experiments. He also constructed a weak voltaic pile that helped him perform experiments in electrochemistry. <br />
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As his interest in science increased, he joined the philosophical society there and began attending lectures, enhancing his knowledge. Around this time Faraday got the opportunity to attend lectures in chemistry by the famous chemist Sir Humphry Davy in the year 1812 at the Royal institution in London. This was the turning point in his life. He was inspired by the lectures. He copiously took down the notes and prepared a bound volume by hand. He presented it to Sir Humphry Davy, along with an application for a job. Alas, there was no opening! He even wrote a letter to the president of the Royal Society, Joseph Banks, requesting for an odd job there. He received no reply from him. However, Davy did not forget and in 1813, when one of his laboratory assistants was dismissed for misbehavior, Faraday began as Davy’s laboratory assistant and learned chemistry under one of the greatest chemists of those times. It is said that Faraday was Davy’s laboratory assistant and learned chemistry under one of the greatest chemists of those times. It is said that Faraday was Davy’s greatest discovery. Finally in 1815, he got promoted as assistant and was given the charge of looking after the laboratory instruments. In 1825, he was promoted as the director of the laboratory. He was now totally engrossed in his scientific pursuits. For several years he experimented the experiments that Sir Davy had performed. In chemistry, he performed electrochemical and metallurgical experiments. He made invaluable contribution in the invention of the famous <strong>‘Davy Safety Lamp’</strong>. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSkLYSNwgDJplEsMyPNdCZT0LW3DCEwJHeMQijtSgn2svxSao8SGbZKji4t0nQfe5b1615C2Hj4xFBGUOs8rDuSGxYv3z_BTK1N_vc96Bjc9Hajb6I-hG1nDhRwQ1EJ_mxk5n7wtJ8xBQ/s1600/Michael+Faraday.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; cssfloat: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSkLYSNwgDJplEsMyPNdCZT0LW3DCEwJHeMQijtSgn2svxSao8SGbZKji4t0nQfe5b1615C2Hj4xFBGUOs8rDuSGxYv3z_BTK1N_vc96Bjc9Hajb6I-hG1nDhRwQ1EJ_mxk5n7wtJ8xBQ/s400/Michael+Faraday.png" width="220" /></a>In his electrochemical experiments he reached such levels in analysis that he propounded that famous laws of electrolysis named after him. He gave simple and easy to understand principles on the phenomenon of electrolysis. Faraday’s two laws of electrochemistry are: </div>
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<strong>1)</strong> The amount of a substance deposited on each electrode of an electrolytic cell is directly proportional to the quantity of electricity passed through the cell. </div>
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<strong>2)</strong> The quantities of different elements deposited by a given amount of electricity are in the ratio of their chemical equivalent weights. Faraday discovered benzene in 1825. </div>
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Further, in 1831, he conducted a series of experiments giving clear picture on magnetism and also produced electricity by speedily changing the magnetic forces. In 1827, he was invited to join as professor of chemistry at the London University College which he modestly turned down. In 1833, he was selected for the Fullerian professorship of Chemistry at the Royal Institute. Meanwhile, he took up another assignment as part time lecturer at the Woolwich based Royal Military Academy. He even advised and directed other institutions during this period. Due to this shortage of time he had to face difficulties in his research activity. </div>
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To ensure that he would not have to face financial difficulties and that he would direct all his energies in research, efforts were made to secure pension- financial assistance from the government. A meeting was arranged with the then Prime Minister Lord Melbourne for this purpose. During the meeting the prime minister passed some negative remarks. He went on to say that government grants and assistance were a big fraud or a kind of cheating. This was just enough for Faraday. He immediately rejected the idea of seeking assistance and thus, ended their eventful meeting. Some even believed that Faraday was known famously as ‘Narure’s great refuser’. He refused to take up the University College professorship. He even refused the proposed Knighthood award of the title ‘Sir’ from the government for which his prior permission was sought. Not only this, he was offered the presidency not once, but twice by the Royal Society for which he expressed his inability. He had quite a different view about all these awards and honours. In 1824, he was made the Fellow of the Royal Society. After a lot of deliberation and delays he accepted the same. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivNbOZuSSkXBmoiGq3VoyhIj8pk7cyWAQlwrjWBtunZ4919qeZTGvbpgZN0foPevqxY2WYKrVQgRVoiHMWCuBE0DGFpzcTqrqRTJDthjkgYIHFtgU78SA0r42acUN5YjOm1NR4CuK61Zo/s1600/Michael+Faraday%252C+statue+in+Savoy+Place%252C+London.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; height: 320px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; width: 238px;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivNbOZuSSkXBmoiGq3VoyhIj8pk7cyWAQlwrjWBtunZ4919qeZTGvbpgZN0foPevqxY2WYKrVQgRVoiHMWCuBE0DGFpzcTqrqRTJDthjkgYIHFtgU78SA0r42acUN5YjOm1NR4CuK61Zo/s320/Michael+Faraday%252C+statue+in+Savoy+Place%252C+London.jpg" width="230" /></a><div style="text-align: justify;">
Finally in 1835, Lord Melbourne was successful in seeking his pardon for the earlier rebuff and granting him government pension. For Faraday now, financial difficulties were a thing of the past. In the meanwhile, due to ill health his research was interrupted. Once again in 1845, he began his research- experiments. But now his efficiency had gone compared to what it was earlier. Prince Albert allotted a house for him in Hampton Court. He spent the rest of his life there. His research and inventions were unparalleled, wonderful and invaluable. In the electrochemical experiments he had conducted based on electrolysis, he separated certain elements. On its basis, he defined the unit of electricity- the ampere. By one ampere current we mean the amount of electrical current required to obtain 0.001118 gram of silver when silver nitrate is electrolyzed. </div>
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On the basis of his experiments on electricity and magnetism, electric motor was invented. This important research of his established him as a great scientist. In 1820, a famous physicist of Denmark, Hans Christian Oersted announced the discovery that the flow of an electric current through a wire produced a magnetic field around it. Andre Marie Ampere showed that the magnetic lines of force were circular around the wire. In October 1831, Faraday gave an affirmative answer to this question. Faraday also gave the laws of electric induction. He explained that creating relative motion in magnetic and electric field, magnetic field can be transformed into electric energy. In fact the electric generator designed by Faraday is the original form of today’s giant size dynamo. <br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbRLL2ud_gCC63gMgkUAql7xvCmb5wq16Zx-FEysFtHi8bYeoUi-loKXMLOl779HGDNg_gbDyq2z4MVdOOiyOAm_Q4LF1nq3Po_fWUpAmDu4FSHUNu-V_lBiz3PLouW_OeOFnKIVtrgUY/s1600/Michael+Faraday+Wallpaper.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbRLL2ud_gCC63gMgkUAql7xvCmb5wq16Zx-FEysFtHi8bYeoUi-loKXMLOl779HGDNg_gbDyq2z4MVdOOiyOAm_Q4LF1nq3Po_fWUpAmDu4FSHUNu-V_lBiz3PLouW_OeOFnKIVtrgUY/s320/Michael+Faraday+Wallpaper.jpg" width="251" /></a></div>
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Faraday made a unique contribution in popularizing science by giving a series of lectures from 1826 at the London based Royal Society for children during Christmas. For years he gave lectures to children providing them an insight on various scientific theories. Even today, eminent scientists are invited to give lectures during the Christmas lecture series. Faraday is considered to be the inventor of electric motor and generator. The unit of capacitance, the farad, is named in honour of Faraday. He also made contribution in the field of optics. He observed that the path of plane polarized light is electromagnetic by nature. Faraday introduced the concept of field (now called classical field) to explain his observation in electromagnetic experiments. </div>
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Since 1855, Faraday began to lose his mental abilities. He occasionally experimented on gravitation and other forces and conversion thereof. The Royal Society then refused to publish his negative results that he announced causing lot of disappointment to him. Further, Faraday began to sink into senility or a disease caused due to damage to brain cells in old age. Earlier, he had rejected the knighthood though he took up the residence at Hampton Court. He wanted to die as a plain Mr. Faraday. <strong>On August 25, 1867</strong>, this great scientist left for his heavenly abode and would always be remembered as a bright star shining in the sky forever. </div>
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Braj Kishor Singhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17590802576861302441noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5062575314837303624.post-30824631158267611512011-06-23T12:19:00.000+05:302011-06-23T13:03:13.457+05:30Dr. Jayant Narlikar<div align="justify"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzZDpF57Hu7A5-OaAysCNSN9m7nD9U4_GlPXDku1d5gC_422rFll_axn3D2IPibMYCcC-lGgdvqHd7dAH6cctr7yz09H1WSwmSwOdUqOS2BM96-wSdaM7n9-41k_Zh3yHBodvU1NgKLOQ/s1600/Scientist+Jayant+Narlikar.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5621304451161816018" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 190px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 224px" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzZDpF57Hu7A5-OaAysCNSN9m7nD9U4_GlPXDku1d5gC_422rFll_axn3D2IPibMYCcC-lGgdvqHd7dAH6cctr7yz09H1WSwmSwOdUqOS2BM96-wSdaM7n9-41k_Zh3yHBodvU1NgKLOQ/s320/Scientist+Jayant+Narlikar.jpg" border="0" /></a>The <strong>great Indian astrophysicist, Dr Jayant Narlikar</strong> was born on <strong>July 19, 1938</strong>, in a highly educated and cultured family in Kolhapur district of Maharashtra. His father Prof. Vishnu Vasudev Narlikar was the Head of the Department of Mathematics at Benaras Hindu University. Thereafter he was Chairman of the Rajasthan Public Service Commission. Jayant Narlikar had his education in Varanasi. His mother was a graduate in Sanskrit from Mumbai (Bombay) University. Besides, she loved English literature. She was graceful, cultured and educated lady.
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<br />Young <strong>Narlikar</strong> was exceptionally talented and always topped at school and college examinations. Mathematics was his favourite subject. Besides, he enjoyed reading. In 1959, he cleared BSc Honours from Benaras Hindu University. He stood first in the University. His subjects were mathematics and astrophysics. For further studies his father wanted to send him abroad. Before leaving India, he was informed by those who had already been to England, not to be complacent. Life would be tough but having worked hard, he came out with flying colours. The advice he received from his father and particularly, his maternal uncle Dr. Vasantrao Hujurbazar really stood him in good stead.
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<br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjC9aPo6i7TIyuDvHkY1lRCux1G5egYf1ujgiB2rSFw-qRqv2Vp_r9XO0vEs7F3lClXpR59AUQgzFGbwE-zJTbxPnCPwU_sLK7af_yBWXvucPksw0KJOJtmDe5LCvLoe0sp5miXMxhO2xs/s1600/Dr.+Jayant+Narlikar+Photo.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5621304745861233842" style="FLOAT: right; MARGIN: 0px 0px 10px 10px; WIDTH: 253px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 196px" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjC9aPo6i7TIyuDvHkY1lRCux1G5egYf1ujgiB2rSFw-qRqv2Vp_r9XO0vEs7F3lClXpR59AUQgzFGbwE-zJTbxPnCPwU_sLK7af_yBWXvucPksw0KJOJtmDe5LCvLoe0sp5miXMxhO2xs/s320/Dr.+Jayant+Narlikar+Photo.jpg" border="0" /></a>Besides his parents, Fred Hoyle, his teacher and mentor had a great influence on him. Besides, his extraordinary result at the graduate level also fetched him a scholarship. He was sent to England, where he joined Cambridge University. Here he obtained MSc degree in just two years. Incidentally at that time a world famous teacher of astrophysics was in Cambridge. He was, Frederick Hoyle, better known as Fred Hoyle, Hoyle was professor at Kings College, Cambridge and conducting research on the speed and condition of celestial bodies. Narlikar registered for PhD under Hoyle and began research work. Hoyle accepted him wholeheartedly, In 1963, Jayant Narlikar was awarded PhD by Cambridge University. He stayed in Cambridge from 1957 to 1962.
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<br />During his 15 years stay abroad <strong>Dr. Narlikar</strong> made many important researches. At the age of 22 years he became member of the Royal Astronautical Society. He was also appointed Fellow at Kings College, Cambridge. His father too, was member of this institute. His PhD thesis included research on principles of gravitation, gravitational pull between different celestial bodies, formation of the universe and others. He had also presented another view to the popular Big Bang theory. According to his theory the universe is not expanding but static (still). He had described it as ‘steady state’. This theory shed new light on the subject. With Fred Hoyle, he presented the famous Conformal Theory of Gravity, which became well-known all over the world. Narlikar and Hoyle worked on cosmology, including the steady state theory, theory of gravitation, electrodynamics, etc. They propounded that the force of other powers in space and the universe has an effect on the mass of matter. Besides, it also affects the shape and size of matter. It is generally believed that the gravitational pull depends on the mass of the object. He suggested that the gravitational pull on celestial bodies depends on its density. As the internal density of the object is more, so is the gravitational pull on celestial bodies depends on its density. As the internal density of the object is more, so is the gravitational pull. This is the reason why such heavenly bodies try to devour other heavenly bodies. As the mass of these objects increases it becomes dense. Its density increase so much that such a pinch of mass is equivalent to several tons in weight. In the end it becomes a Black Hole. Such objects do not even allow light to escape from them.
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<br />His researches on gravitation of space objects are considered noteworthy. He received awards and medals from many institute in Europe. In 1969, the Union education Minstry invited Dr Narlikar and Hoyle to visit India and deliver lectures. In 1968, Cambridge University honoured him by presenting him the Adam Award. Earlier, three Indian scientists had received this prestigious award: in 1944, <a href="http://scientistsinformation.blogspot.com/search/label/Homi%20J.%20Bhabha">Dr. Homi Bhabha</a>; in 1948, <a href="http://scientistsinformation.blogspot.com/search/label/Scientist%20Subrahmanyan%20Chandrasekhar">Dr S Chandrashekhar</a>; and in 1961, Dr Hujurbazar, This award is given every two years in the memory of Dr J C Adams, astrophysics and natural science. Adams was an outstanding astronomer, who has predicted the existence of planet Neptune in 1846.
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<br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhi5-E6D69sSlA3Q2hGrO1gsgbXVN6DM3m77E6wVKsW473SaJ30JT_o4-GpE5qNb_2sDzOS1q1fIFu7a53q882PWkDWeOHWB6pbcah62OpOykwPE3LDb4hFXu9zblb64YmXT5OmnV95GXw/s1600/Jayant+Narlikar+Wallpaper.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5621304445662295330" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 222px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 200px" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhi5-E6D69sSlA3Q2hGrO1gsgbXVN6DM3m77E6wVKsW473SaJ30JT_o4-GpE5qNb_2sDzOS1q1fIFu7a53q882PWkDWeOHWB6pbcah62OpOykwPE3LDb4hFXu9zblb64YmXT5OmnV95GXw/s320/Jayant+Narlikar+Wallpaper.gif" border="0" /></a> <strong>Narlikar </strong>married Mangala Sadashiv Rajwade in 1966. In 1969, when he returned to India, he was conferred the Padma Bhushan by the Government of India. Mumbai’s Tata Institute of Fundamental Research invited him to join as professor of astrophysics. Narlikar too had decided to offer his services to the country. In 1972, he joined TIFR as professor. Besides research and teaching, he guided doctoral students. Here he continued research on tachyons. Tachyons are particles that move faster than the speed of light. According to Dr Narlikar, Black Holes are bases of tachyons. They absorb light coming from outside and with tremendous pressure contracts the surface of the Black Hole. After coming here Narlikar developed one more activity. To popularize science and especially astronomy among the people he wrote book Akashashi Jadle Nate (Related to the Sky) in his mother tongue Marathi. Besides he also wrote science stories. His books have also been translated into Hindi and Gujarati. He is an accomplished science fiction writer.
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<br />In September 1988, the late Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi encouraged him to start astronomy and nuclear physics inter university centre. Through the university Grants Commission and central aid such a centre has been made possible. Narlikar was its first director and worked as Homi Bhabha professor. In 1988, he attended an international conference on astronomy at Baltimore in America. On January 10 1989, the National Science Academy honoured Narlikar with the Venu Bappu Memorial Award for 1988. This award includes Rs. 25000 in cash and a medal. In 1990 he was awarded the Indian Science Academy’s Indira Gandhi Award and in 1996, UNESCO’s ‘Kalinga Award’. Recently, on March 12, 2003, the Yashwantroa Chavan Rashtriya Puraskar – 2002’ was presented to Narlikar.
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<br />We pray to the almighty to grant good health and long life to this great Indian scientist, so that he may continue to serve the world of science and the country.
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<br /><div align="justify"><u><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">Dr. Jayant Narlikar Photo</span></strong>
<br /></u><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSmLODRt2cgWsWqLg5GdqUa-w7RZY2PaODyjjSS3DCIyXY5UD8B_wrX9lN7DQSyEq35f0OwXDRSeT42St8DM511rP7qyVwR9ooTod5yT-vHLj9_-KOHImqMIp2pvlOThYw6ye8E8mSOa4/s1600/Dr.+Jayant+Narlikar+Images.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5621304443606048514" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 253px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 279px" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSmLODRt2cgWsWqLg5GdqUa-w7RZY2PaODyjjSS3DCIyXY5UD8B_wrX9lN7DQSyEq35f0OwXDRSeT42St8DM511rP7qyVwR9ooTod5yT-vHLj9_-KOHImqMIp2pvlOThYw6ye8E8mSOa4/s320/Dr.+Jayant+Narlikar+Images.jpg" border="0" /></a> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3LXrhR4oCMiw71SXkdlGPF0I5WcWmQOoYAkAAnS14msMVRYNvHC1avOXNFTaYufzzKhniy5nAyGttb3nyOki4aCcmlh2NICyDWn7xcBjlfiZzN0RJ_p7-dlGU4r80xjhDfMDeYFOYNgg/s1600/Dr.+Jayant+Narlikar.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5621304437501084834" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 245px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 279px" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3LXrhR4oCMiw71SXkdlGPF0I5WcWmQOoYAkAAnS14msMVRYNvHC1avOXNFTaYufzzKhniy5nAyGttb3nyOki4aCcmlh2NICyDWn7xcBjlfiZzN0RJ_p7-dlGU4r80xjhDfMDeYFOYNgg/s320/Dr.+Jayant+Narlikar.gif" border="0" /></a> Braj Kishor Singhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17590802576861302441noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5062575314837303624.post-21896347136441190902011-05-27T12:40:00.001+05:302011-05-27T13:01:04.067+05:30Arthur Compton (1892 – 1962)<div align="justify"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8K7vrR-fPb0aUspI0xu-xH_HXa9i6l66jRz6Wlb7nAIU_x6a7bdzqobgP9RkCIRFPbySBPmwnOQyd-Fxky74kg990-Fs_DNqURaR_A068ZN7MWF4x5QGIDAm3O1DsnW0AV4iCdRkS9Bg/s1600/Scientist+Arthur+Compton.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5611290399565483426" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 186px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 225px" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8K7vrR-fPb0aUspI0xu-xH_HXa9i6l66jRz6Wlb7nAIU_x6a7bdzqobgP9RkCIRFPbySBPmwnOQyd-Fxky74kg990-Fs_DNqURaR_A068ZN7MWF4x5QGIDAm3O1DsnW0AV4iCdRkS9Bg/s320/Scientist+Arthur+Compton.jpg" border="0" /></a><strong>Arthur Holly Compton</strong> was born on <strong>September 10, 1892</strong>, at Wooster, Ohio, USA. His father Elias Compton was professor of Philosophy at Wooster College, Oxford, in Ohio, and also served as priest in the church there. Arthur, the youngest of three brothers and a sister, was brought up in religious atmosphere at home. His sister Mary married a missionary. They worked and settled in Allahabad, India. Arthur’s eldest brother Karl Compton was a physicist, who had written many papers. Besides, he had done considerable research on photo electricity and the crystal structure. He was appointed president of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Another brother, Wilson Compton, gained reputation as a good economist and able administrator.<br /><br />Their mother, Otelia was a doting mother and had raised the children with utmost care and attention. She was their guide and toiled for her children. She was aware of her children’s activities and took care to ensure that they did no wrong. The children too reciprocated and were aware of her contribution in their progress. Probably this was the reason that in October 1932, Wooster College of Ohio honoured 74-year old Otelia Compton as the best mother. In presence of her three sons and husband, she was conferred the honorary degree ‘Doctor of Law’. She was proud of her three sons, who had made important contributions in their respective fields towards the progress of the country and the development of the world.<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSVeVZ0hOTRY9bxnJcxuVbT_H06z-SyIbW-6u9f9Qun-78r0iIvdpXrwwc3i6NYzGqHKc4NtW7n2OwpX9CtPcMn7W0HsgiuCdz9bfdslVCTsEv0uKZu9JlEGBi1yEsIVdDoz3U4tZ3Tro/s1600/Arthur+Compton+Images.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5611290543375140754" style="FLOAT: right; MARGIN: 0px 0px 10px 10px; WIDTH: 208px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 231px" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSVeVZ0hOTRY9bxnJcxuVbT_H06z-SyIbW-6u9f9Qun-78r0iIvdpXrwwc3i6NYzGqHKc4NtW7n2OwpX9CtPcMn7W0HsgiuCdz9bfdslVCTsEv0uKZu9JlEGBi1yEsIVdDoz3U4tZ3Tro/s320/Arthur+Compton+Images.jpg" border="0" /></a><strong>Compton</strong> was curious about science from an early age. Initially, he developed interest in aeronautics. He had studied deeply the theories and practical aspects of airplanes. He had even constructed and flown a glider. But later, he was attracted towards astronomy. He had another interest. He would attend any lecture by experts in the town and try to understand it. With his homebuilt telescope he would stargaze for nights together and note his observations. He would photograph the planets and then study them. Actually, he was following Karl’s footsteps. All three Compton brothers graduated with honours from Wooster College and earned their Ph Ds from Princeton University. They were all good athletes in college.<br /><br />When Arthur was a college student, he had invented the gyroscopic technique to control an aircraft and got it patented. He wanted to study Mechanical engineering, but when he saw Karl opting for mathematics and physics, he discussed it with him and finally decided to follow him. He got his doctorate in 1916. He worked as instructor in physics at Minnesota University for a year. Then he joined Westinghouse Corporation at Pittsburgh as research engineer. During his two-year service, he worked on development of aviation equipment for American Signal Corps. At the end of World War I, he decided to return to academic field. He accepted a research scholarship at the Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge University and worked with great scientists like <a href="http://scientistsinformation.blogspot.com/search/label/Sir%20Joseph%20John%20Thomson">J J Thomson </a>and <a href="http://scientistsinformation.blogspot.com/search/label/Lord%20Ernest%20Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a>. He got trained under such greats during this period.<br /><br /><p align="justify"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgP5f4UcLjixBFm5KVbeXzQFciZIir1rrmaTbKKwc_8o3Wd0jRLr9h1AlbgA5mQ1cBDuoMc7T_CUKCxO9VAmzO82wrcqSEWkMXJMe2_CQCFTGCBHJn_zJC6BW9bCIpsDA4VEPo98uETjqY/s1600/Arthur+Compton+Wallpaper.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5611290394504149682" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 208px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 253px" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgP5f4UcLjixBFm5KVbeXzQFciZIir1rrmaTbKKwc_8o3Wd0jRLr9h1AlbgA5mQ1cBDuoMc7T_CUKCxO9VAmzO82wrcqSEWkMXJMe2_CQCFTGCBHJn_zJC6BW9bCIpsDA4VEPo98uETjqY/s320/Arthur+Compton+Wallpaper.jpg" border="0" /></a><strong>Compton</strong> returned to America in 1920 and joined the University Washington at St. Louis as professor and head of physics department. Soon, he was invited at Chicago University. He worked under the chairmanship of Professor Michelson, as head of the physics department. He stayed there for 22 years. He was successful in roping Robert Millikan as the chairman of the physics department. He was attracted towards the important scientific researches of this great scientist and got interested in the basic research. He also got involved in the in-depth research in nuclear physics. He observed and explained the change in the wavelength of X-rays when they are deflected by electrons. Known as the Compton effect, it is caused by the transfer of energy from the photon to the electron. Its discovery in 1922 confirmed the dual nature of electromagnetic radiation as both a wave and a particle. It also went on to prove that the wavelength of X-rays could be increased. Scientists readily accepted this important discovery. In 1927, Compton was awarded the Nobel Prize for his work on scattering (deflection) of X-rays by electrons. He shared the prize equally with CTR Wilson who was awarded the prize for his discovery of the cloud chamber.<br /><br />Now his attention was drawn to the cosmic rays. He had in 1913 tried to learn about the nature of cosmic rays and conducted research to understand them. He formed a group of scientists to unravel the mysteries of cosmic rays. Such eight groups worked all over the world, to gather information about cosmic rays. They worked in different regions like Arctic, Equatorial, Asia, Europe and South American Regions. For Compiling and assessing the results, Compton traveled nearly 50,000 miles or about 80,000 kilometers.<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSBTuDAAQslnOMCml6Lh888r5179MRInOggjxJ5Ri_aYpk63rVOmMkJU71qpSQBNm6UBBgCr1ZbSBF3Sezi0dyx2hLZL089U_qDpPZFoHUCK4SnAxnZk2MlXz-OG3YbfVGnvv0oWaD_sE/s1600/Arthur+Compton+Photo.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5611290389391488914" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 290px" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSBTuDAAQslnOMCml6Lh888r5179MRInOggjxJ5Ri_aYpk63rVOmMkJU71qpSQBNm6UBBgCr1ZbSBF3Sezi0dyx2hLZL089U_qDpPZFoHUCK4SnAxnZk2MlXz-OG3YbfVGnvv0oWaD_sE/s320/Arthur+Compton+Photo.jpg" border="0" /></a>Till 1939, Compton was not much interested in uranium or nuclear fission. But with the discovery of cyclotron by Lawrence and its subsequent scientific and medical application, Compton directed his interest towards it. On the other hand, America had launched the atomic project sensing the World War II situation. Need arose for great scientists and good administrators. Compton was an obvious choice. This project was sanctioned in 1941 by the then president of America, Franklin Roosevelt on recommendation of foremost scientists of the time, <a href="http://scientistsinformation.blogspot.com/search/label/Albert%20Einstein%20%281879-1955%29">Albert Einstein</a>, Enrico Fermi and Leo Szilar. A core group of scientists was constituted and sufficient funds were allocated. Later on, some defense officers were also included in the team. The project was named Manhattan Project. On the assurance of Enrico Fermi, Compton took this responsibility. It was difficult to build a nuclear reactor. Finally, it was erected in the Chicago Football Stadium. From 1942 to 1945 he was director of the Metallurgical Laboratory at the University of Chicago, which developed the first self-sustaining atomic chain reaction that paved the way for controlled release of nuclear energy. Things worked as per the schedule and the atom bomb was tested successfully. Compton realized that this project could cause huge loss of human life and untold devastation. But he also saw it as a means to stop the on-going war. Ultimately, what followed came to be known all over the world. May be, personally speaking, Compton and other senior scientists may not have felt morally justified in conducting such a research.<br /><br />After World War II, Einstein, Fermi and Compton along with other scientists advocated use of atomic energy only for the benefit of the society. Compton returned to academics and established three important research centres:<br />(1) Institute of Nuclear Studies<br />(2) Metallurgy Institute and<br />(3) Institute of Radiology.<br /><br />Thereafter, in 1945, Compton became Chancellor of the University of Washington and then professor of natural history there from 1953 to 1961. During the war, Compton was at the forefront of decision making process on several important science related issues. Many held him as one of those responsible for the atomic massacre in Japan. He believed that the radiation emitted at the time of nuclear fission is a natural process. The use of science for the benefit of humankind is indeed of the hour. He died at the age of 70 on Match 15, 1962, in Berkeley, California, USA. </p></div>Braj Kishor Singhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17590802576861302441noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5062575314837303624.post-30779668792368890942011-03-25T12:58:00.000+05:302011-03-25T13:16:12.765+05:30Scientist Niels Bohr (1885 – 1962)<div align="justify"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9giK-Ornn9oCPM0scHelev8ZZa6RRhGUnp9X-2iVXRJfSkCjX_dTqMSFqWV0ZgSQJWNKr-N-1sYa4I6yjKiLBjF4UZ1kpU_XWoSkiqG5doYYVZ_OOixKCn3b6J0WyYbyCg-8Y1wrJkRA/s1600/Scientist+Niels+Bohr.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5587916904936205698" style="FLOAT: right; MARGIN: 0px 0px 10px 10px; WIDTH: 198px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 238px" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9giK-Ornn9oCPM0scHelev8ZZa6RRhGUnp9X-2iVXRJfSkCjX_dTqMSFqWV0ZgSQJWNKr-N-1sYa4I6yjKiLBjF4UZ1kpU_XWoSkiqG5doYYVZ_OOixKCn3b6J0WyYbyCg-8Y1wrJkRA/s320/Scientist+Niels+Bohr.jpg" border="0" /></a>The man to present the first ever model of an atom, the fount of knowledge, Niels Henrik David Bohr was <strong>born on October 7, 1885</strong> in Copenhagen, Denmark. His father Christian Bohr was a professor of physiology at Copenhagen University. His mother Ellen Adler Bohr came from a wealthy Jewish family prominent in Danish banking and parliamentary circles. Niels was born in his maternal family home in ‘King Georg’s Palace’, considered to be one of the prominent and majestic private homes of Copenhagen.<br /><br /><strong>Niels Bohr</strong> had primary, secondary and university education in Copenhagen. He was a brilliant and industrious student. He and his younger brother Harold were good football players. They were proud members of the Danish football team. In the Scandinavian state too, they were considered as leading players. It is said that if you ask a Danish citizen about his pride in the four best things of Denmark, he would say: its prosperous shipbuilding industry, her prosperous dairy and cheese industry and her two prodigious sons – the famed artist Hans Christian Andersen and country’s greatest scientist Niels Bohr. The Danish Science Society had awarded a gold medal to Bohr for ingenious study of surface tension. His brother Harold became a great mathematician later.<br /><br />In 1911, Bohr completed his doctorate in physics. Then he went to London and under the able guidance of Sir J J Thomson, the ‘Father of Electron’, he started research at the Cavendish Laboratory. He then worked with Ernest Rutherford at Manchester for about four years. They remained good friends throughout their lives. Bohr even named his son Ernest after his dear friend. In 1913, Bohr presented his basic theory of the internal structure of an atom. Later, it underwent lot of changes and transformations over a period known as Bohr’s atomic model or Bohr’s theory of atom. This theory became very useful in the fields of chemistry and atomic science. Thanks to this theory that today so much development has taken place in the field of atomic energy.<br /><br /><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5587916681646624370" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 200px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 241px" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZhsZ9_6ZoZScu9qR_xkr2xBAUcg6VaZzmKKQIOkmDR3-5pPNjLgUtoEJo3rxTsXPp7-TtD7jjdwZRj1cflHUP9eXh4olaIPvI9ueD3k4r6PEI7F7ka5CY-4Cx94x4XoZiJe2oPqmNRE0/s320/Niels+Bohr+Images.jpg" border="0" />An atom is the smallest particle of an element that exists freely and takes part in a chemical reaction. Atoms of same or different elements combine to form molecules. Molecules form a solid or liquid or gas depending upon the intermolecular strength or force and conditions like temperature and pressure. An atom is made of two parts. Its core is known as nucleus which contains all the positive charge in the atom and almost all the mass of the atom. The electrons move at high speed in circular orbits around the nucleus. This is known as Bohr model of the atom. It can be compared to the solar system. In the solar system, the sum is at the centre and the planets and asteroids revolve around the sun in the specific orbits. Atom is very small. The diameter of atom’s nucleus is supposed to be 100000th part of an atom’s diameter. Electrons revolve around it at high speed. Hydrogen is the lightest element among all the natural elements. Its nucleus contains only one proton. It carries positive charge. An electron is electrically equal – same as that of the proton, but negative in charge. A proton is 1836 times heavier than an electron. In the hydrogen atom there is only one proton with one electron. The next lightweight element is helium. Its nucleus has two protons and two neutrons. Two electrons move around the nucleus. Uranium is the heaviest of all natural elements. It has 92 electrons, which revolve in 7 different orbits around the nucleus. Thus, in each element the number of protons and neutrons differs.<br /><br />Bohr, with the help of his atomic model and planck’s quantum theory, was able to explain the stability of the atom and the origin of atomic spectra. Normally, electrons revolve in their own assigned orbits in an atom. But when electricity or energy is passed trough an atom, the electrons quickly change their orbits and jump into a higher orbit. It returns to its original position in a short while. When electron moves to higher orbit it consumes energy and on its return, it releases energy. This release of energy is normally in the form of electromagnetic radiations. Bohr determined the atomic structure of matter by calculating the wavelength of the radiation produced during this process.<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2qTSDUrbRTcoXYH_7-6xv-kgnv7Hk6jUWRQp0ob1toCXILXB8u2XQBsJf7zhvW7nOWRHO05W3JvKHJTCt9r3IKclSjgrINsVi8KuzQpeGUReWwCDLUebhlpyNjrJ5kIoS4n04TXoewZM/s1600/Scientist+Niels+Bohr+wallpaper.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5587916686441750322" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 203px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 238px" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2qTSDUrbRTcoXYH_7-6xv-kgnv7Hk6jUWRQp0ob1toCXILXB8u2XQBsJf7zhvW7nOWRHO05W3JvKHJTCt9r3IKclSjgrINsVi8KuzQpeGUReWwCDLUebhlpyNjrJ5kIoS4n04TXoewZM/s320/Scientist+Niels+Bohr+wallpaper.jpg" border="0" /></a>Bohr’s work provided a major breakthrough in atomic physics. It dawned a new era in science. Bohr received the Nobel Prize for physics nine years after his wonderful discovery, in 1922. At 37 years of age, he was the youngest physicist to receive this honour. Prior to this achievement, he was appointed chairman at the Copenhagen based Institute of Theoretical physics. In a small country like Denmark, scientist from all over the world would gather at Copenhagen due to Bohr. Einstein had spoken the truth when he asked as to what would have been the state of atomic knowledge, had Bohr not been there.<br /><br />In 1939, a young Austrian Jew lady, Lise Meitner and her nephew Otto Robert Frisch came to Denmark from Nazi-infested Germany. They were appointed as researchers at Bohr’s institute to an article announcing that German scientists were working on their latest inventions and were planning to divide the nucleus of uranium into two equal parts. Bohr saw that if this was made possible, then immense energy could be produced during the process. It was also possible that Germans could use this technology to be powerful enough to destroy the world. Bohr rushed to America with this information. He discussed and deliberated on the issue with scientists Albert Einstein and Enrico Fermi. Fermi was working on this subject at Columbia University. It did not take much time for these eminent scientists to realize how dangerous it would be for the future of the world. The picture was very clear in their minds. Thereafter, America produced atom bombs and dropped them on two Japanese cities, Hiroshima and Nagasaki, to end the World War II.<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2Xvgk4Sbnl6i3JTjgzir2BkBfc6FaARSsKFFy0n-iZ4JBCr78iIM0yv7PgaNpj3tFiUA1YmOlWQpTJEOG8nnmjJcuw-ZwI12r5YsbeekdncivO0h9ZZd8MMU9JW4ADiHNnG4CmPqfeKY/s1600/Niels+Bohr+Photo.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5587916683760808354" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 201px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 276px" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2Xvgk4Sbnl6i3JTjgzir2BkBfc6FaARSsKFFy0n-iZ4JBCr78iIM0yv7PgaNpj3tFiUA1YmOlWQpTJEOG8nnmjJcuw-ZwI12r5YsbeekdncivO0h9ZZd8MMU9JW4ADiHNnG4CmPqfeKY/s320/Niels+Bohr+Photo.jpg" border="0" /></a>Bohr immediately returned to Denmark after deliberations in America. In April 1940, Germany attacked and captured Denmark, sending the king behind bars and stripping the army off weapons. They had planned to kill 6000 Jews living in Denmark. But about 5000 of them safety sailed to Sweden, thus failing the German plan. Niels Bohr, the son of a Jewish mother and his wife Margrethe Norlund were rescued in the dead of night, by the Danish resistance movement in a fisherman’s boat to reach Sweden safely. Nazis raiden Bohr’s residence, but fortunately, they could not lay their hands on the gold medal awarded as the Nobel Prize. Later, Bohr reached America and joined his son Aage, then working as a research physicist at Los Alamos in a nuclear project.<br /><br />Bohr returned to Copenhagen after the end of the World War II. He was deeply saddened by America’s attack on Japan. He advocated ban on nuclear explosion at international level. Bohr attended the peace conference at Geneva in 1955 as chairman of Denmarks Atomic Energy Commission. He was elected chairman of the conference. In October 1957, Bohr received the $ 75000 Atoms for peace Award from Ford. Bohr received the highest number of awards and medals in the world of science. Among his other researches, his work on the liquid drop model to explain nuclear properties and the principle of complementarity have played an important role in the development of modern physics.<br /><br />In his last years Bohr tried to point out ways in which the idea of complementarities could throw light on many aspects of human life and thought. He had a major influence on several generations of physicists, deepening their approach to science and to their lives. Bohr himself was always ready to learn. He drew strength from his close personal ties with his co-workers, his sons, wife and brother. Profoundly Danish firmly rooted in his own culture. This was symbolized by his many public roles, particularly as president of the Royal Danish Academy from 1939 until the end of his life. He died in Copenhagen on November 19, 1962. </div>Braj Kishor Singhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17590802576861302441noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5062575314837303624.post-64410995540527974432011-03-14T10:40:00.000+05:302011-03-14T10:53:58.971+05:30Sir James Chadwick (1891-1974)<div align="justify"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-8YEG5hG3tTGHoyIUVm-TkMSlL66fVizY1dGVgJ4d8kMhXP13H1Ip2Kp8YQKPaAj4lF8iovjGoJXXpzXS3WyGJboLeZTt62x_-_xhUJvMV9oMM5kI48rYIrkU-Jwel8biTLZI4vLlgeA/s1600/Sir+James+Chadwick.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5583799284286124418" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 181px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 224px" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-8YEG5hG3tTGHoyIUVm-TkMSlL66fVizY1dGVgJ4d8kMhXP13H1Ip2Kp8YQKPaAj4lF8iovjGoJXXpzXS3WyGJboLeZTt62x_-_xhUJvMV9oMM5kI48rYIrkU-Jwel8biTLZI4vLlgeA/s320/Sir+James+Chadwick.jpg" border="0" /></a><strong>James Chadwick</strong>, the discoverer of neutron, a constituent of the nucleus of an atom, was born in Manchester, England on <strong>October 20, 1891. </strong>He was the eldest son of J J Chadwick. After completing his schooling from the local school he joined the famed Victoria University in Manchester. He acquired his post-graduate degree in 1911. He received a scholarship and went to Charlotenberg, Germany for further study in 1913. Chadwick studied under Hans Geiger at the Technische Hochschule, Berlin. When the World War I broke out in 1914, the Germans captured him and sent him to a labour camp. There was some solace when he met some scientists there and discussed problems in science with them. Thus, he continued his studies mentally on the subject of his interest. When the war ended, he returned home in 1919.<br /><br />Around the time of his return to Manchester, Lord Rutherford had for the first time made it possible to separate hydrogen and oxygen through artificial transformation. He worked with Rutherford for a while and then got on with his research. But in 1921, when Rutherford succeeded sir J J Thomson as professor of physics at Cavendish Laboratory, he invited Chadwick to join him. Chadwick accepted it happily. First of all, he completed his thesis and submitted it to the University. In 1921, he received doctorate from Cambridge University. He took up lectureship at Cavendish Laboratory and also assisted Rutherford in his research. What happens if the nucleus of an atom of an element is bombarded with high energy alpha particles? Can some new element be found out by doing so? He got down to solving these mysteries. He also wanted to know the structure and size of the nucleus. In 1922, Rutherford and Chadwick discovered ‘proton’ when they bombarded alpha particles on nitrogen nucleus. In 1925, Chadwick married Eileen Stuart Brown of Liverpool. The same year he was appointed assistant director at the laboratory.<br /><br />In 1920, Scientist Williams Hawkins had predicted the presence of a neutral particle in a nucleus. Many years later, Chadwick discovered this particle called the neutron. For this, Chadwick was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1935. During the same year, he resigned from Cambridge due to different of opinion with Rutherford on building a new device called cyclotron. He then joined Lavon Jones Institute in Liverpool University as Professor and built the first cyclotron in UK. In the wake of World War II in 1939, it was decided to bring both British Atomic Project and America’s Project at Manhattan together. In 1941, as part of the British Project, he joined the Tube Alloys Project. Two years later, he went to America, He became the scientific advisor to the American-British-Canadian Policy Committee at Oakridge. He was also associated with Robert Oppenheimer’s team working at Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA. This team was working to produce an atomic bomb to end the war.<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBHeGzvKPFZuVHCnBqt3ZpkEfaLHL8uZOi7F2bRYSGA3niwU5L2AZrtDdzF_pJ-Fg8gIctjdO4-KiAW_29sbckVY0SqVVtkZkTSiHqG_6aCo2vxp3ac2NvSjCIsj3gIxlmeytF-ekNZJo/s1600/Sir+James+Chadwick+photo.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5583799688992196834" style="FLOAT: right; MARGIN: 0px 0px 10px 10px; WIDTH: 225px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 271px" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBHeGzvKPFZuVHCnBqt3ZpkEfaLHL8uZOi7F2bRYSGA3niwU5L2AZrtDdzF_pJ-Fg8gIctjdO4-KiAW_29sbckVY0SqVVtkZkTSiHqG_6aCo2vxp3ac2NvSjCIsj3gIxlmeytF-ekNZJo/s320/Sir+James+Chadwick+photo.jpg" border="0" /></a>July 16, 1945 was set for the test of the atomic bomb. The bomb was planet on a 32 ton 100 feet tower erected at Gyro Hill- Alamogordo air base in the desert 120 miles southeast of Albuquerque, New Mexico. At 5.30 in the morning, at a control room, 9 miles (14.5 kms) away from the site, in the presence of about 100 scientists a robot pressed the button. An immense fireball rose in the air. The blast was so loud that it was heard 450 miles away in Taxas. The smoke covered the area of 7 miles. The tower has melted with the heat energy produced. The test was declared successful and the scientist’s job was over. On August 6, 1945, the first atom bomb was dropped on the Japanese city of Hiroshima. In a short while, around 6000 people were killed, 40000 were rendered blind and 20000 gradually became the victims. The entire city had turned into a big graveyard. The second atom bomb was dropped on Nagasaki on August 9, 1945. Japan immediately surrendered and World War II came to and end.<br /><br />Many atomic scientists believe that such use can only cause mass destruction and unhappiness. Scientists believe that this demon can be tamed and used constructively, to make life happy and prosperous in this world. By 1945, Chadwick was known all over the world as an extraordinary, cultured and self-possessed man. He was also known as a calm, composed and selfless scientist. The British government conferred knighthood on him and appointed him the National Science Advisor. He also served as the British representative to the American Atomic Energy Commission.<br /><br />Besides his being awarded the Nobel Prize in 1935 for the discovery of the neutron, many international universities and scientific institution honoured him. In 1946, he received the Merit Medal of the USA. In 1950, the Royal Society of England conferred on him the Copley Medal. Franklin Institute, Philadelphia awarded him the Franklin Award. The American Physics Society and other reputed institutions offered him honorary membership. Since 1957 he was associated with the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Institute as part-time member.<br /><br />Many reputed science periodicals and journals published his articles and research papers. He also wrote on radiation in several magazines and reputed newspapers. These were very informative and useful for scientists, science teachers and the public, at large. In 1930, in collaboration with Lord Rutherford and Sir Charles Ellis he wrote a reference book titled ‘Rays Emanating from Radioactive Substances’. The revised edition was published in 1933. On July 24, 1974, at Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, England, this great scientist passed away at 84. May his invaluable contributions be used for constructive purposes in this world. It is only the future that can reveal whether this discovery of nuclear energy would be beneficial or detrimental to the world.<br /><span style="font-size:130%;"><strong><u><br />Scientist James Chadwick photo<br /><br /></u></strong></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPzBqMCUYUgq86bhsfHQpb8W_Sy-TW1KglWptR1pMmZ0I5clbwxBuFi7hsZvz6qLSRbdN8ryjeEwxVuraE4cvV5HPzKfmGiLL-CcWk3ZzRj30k3eyq2mM_9xxrGp3cOFzFKZ726QC_bgA/s1600/Scinentist+James+Chadwick+photo.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5583799289505476402" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 269px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 320px" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPzBqMCUYUgq86bhsfHQpb8W_Sy-TW1KglWptR1pMmZ0I5clbwxBuFi7hsZvz6qLSRbdN8ryjeEwxVuraE4cvV5HPzKfmGiLL-CcWk3ZzRj30k3eyq2mM_9xxrGp3cOFzFKZ726QC_bgA/s320/Scinentist+James+Chadwick+photo.jpg" border="0" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHbiZ5NCad-yxbDIK9Md0OR1SQ9a_a9dnDCRxwX3ov6txSmNvnfYvJI1dgWhp1Xs_eVuoMMVPlVYAKtN1QY4sdIj6ZHPgBir2JxRcq5FOSYar2bgZDpQmcrOuTzs30eYnyXK-KGEgwENM/s1600/Sir+James+Chadwick+Images.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5583799291667705186" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 285px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 317px" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHbiZ5NCad-yxbDIK9Md0OR1SQ9a_a9dnDCRxwX3ov6txSmNvnfYvJI1dgWhp1Xs_eVuoMMVPlVYAKtN1QY4sdIj6ZHPgBir2JxRcq5FOSYar2bgZDpQmcrOuTzs30eYnyXK-KGEgwENM/s320/Sir+James+Chadwick+Images.jpg" border="0" /></a> </div>Braj Kishor Singhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17590802576861302441noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5062575314837303624.post-32694426240950939852011-03-09T20:08:00.001+05:302011-03-09T20:22:07.032+05:30Lord Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937)<div align="justify"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJ7Pw_BQ1zltXjE8mlk-6skK0ol96AEPp8PYeMhQLuciFrRc9KdsuCKhnh7rR725A4mBSbNFkeJ7HqpTano7fsA2XCnaX3XYQwW1OajxX0JPhVZE0o2cRQkOZZzLpwyeCyaNULHjwYBrs/s1600/Ernest+Rutherford.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5582091099163857650" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 168px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 214px" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJ7Pw_BQ1zltXjE8mlk-6skK0ol96AEPp8PYeMhQLuciFrRc9KdsuCKhnh7rR725A4mBSbNFkeJ7HqpTano7fsA2XCnaX3XYQwW1OajxX0JPhVZE0o2cRQkOZZzLpwyeCyaNULHjwYBrs/s320/Ernest+Rutherford.jpg" border="0" /></a><strong>Ernest Rutherford</strong> was born on <strong>August 30, 1871</strong> in the southern island of Nelson, in New Zealand. His parents belonged to the Scottish farming community of England and had migrated to New Zealand in 1842. They were cultured and well educated. In 1889, Ernest won a scholarship to Nelson College, a secondary school, where he was a popular boy. Another scholarship allowed him to enroll in Canterbury College, from where he graduated with a BA in 1892 and an MA in 1893 with first-class honours in mathematics and physics.<br /><br />In 1895, Cambridge University announced scholarships for deserving students of British Commonwealth countries. This was a big break. Rutherford joined Cavendish Laboratory and started research. He was fortunate enough to get guidance from a genius like J J Thomson. It was the time when the sensational discovery of X-rays was just announced. This inspired Rutherford to work on it. Later on, he was attracted towards radioactivity. Thomson invited him to conduct research on the effects of X-rays on gases. Rutherford accepted the challenge happily and began the research. Thomson was already a world-renowned physicist and his assistant Rutherford was a brilliant researcher. Thomson considered Rutherford his best and most talented student. Rutherford concentrated on Becquerel’s discovery of some mysterious and unknown rays. He found out that just as X-rays ionize the gases, these unknown rays (radioactive rays) ionize the gases.<br /><br />Meanwhile, a new post of professor of physics was created at McGill University at Montreal, in Canada. Thomson could not think of a better choice than Rutherford for the post. He inspired Rutherford to join the place. Rutherford was reluctant to leave a reputed place like Cavendish Laboratory, but to satisfy his guide’s desire he left for Canada in 1898. Here, he studied Becquerel rays under the effect of electric and magnetic fields. He made a wonderful discovery that these rays consisted of three types of rays, alpha, beta and gamma rays. He also succeeded in identifying two types: The radioactive rays that could be blocked by a thick paper were alpha rays (positively charged) and the ones that could be blocked by thin aluminium foil were beta rays. Beta rays were negatively charged electrons. Besides, he came to know that gamma rays were very powerful like X-rays. Here, he got an opportunity to work with the great English chemist Frederick Soddy (Nobel Prize winner for Chemistry in 1921). Rutherford and Soddy then investigated three groups of radioactive elements-radium, thorium and actinium. They concluded in 1902 that radioactivity was a process in which atoms of one element spontaneously disintegrated into atoms of an entirely different element, which also were radioactive. This interpretation was opposed by many chemists who held firmly to the concept of the indestructibility of matter; the suggestion that some atoms could tear themselves apart to form entirely different kinds of matter was to them a remnant of medieval alchemy.<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRSkvHJimdqBZyROLDdtEGTARW-H0barL55gaPyqw9zWdIBpf7Aev3OEwijdv9I_0iZtjU-ygQqgzckX0mzXi72E_t-kz2Iy3Oq1NKNtfip2cgAs3xcfaW_Y2_WHlGum8bMa1sZ4KqVxg/s1600/Ermest+Rutherford+Photo.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5582091320928729314" style="FLOAT: right; MARGIN: 0px 0px 10px 10px; WIDTH: 173px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 216px" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRSkvHJimdqBZyROLDdtEGTARW-H0barL55gaPyqw9zWdIBpf7Aev3OEwijdv9I_0iZtjU-ygQqgzckX0mzXi72E_t-kz2Iy3Oq1NKNtfip2cgAs3xcfaW_Y2_WHlGum8bMa1sZ4KqVxg/s320/Ermest+Rutherford+Photo.jpg" border="0" /></a>In 1907, Rutherford got an opportunity to return to England. There was a vacancy worth his caliber at Manchester University. He joined here and continued research in radioactivity. In 1908, Rutherford was awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry for his research on radioactivity and nucleus of the atom, though he was a well-known professor of physics. The British government knighted him and he became Lord Rutherford of Nelson. He was thus honoured for his outstanding contribution in scientific research.<br /><br />Another favourite student of J J Thomson, C T R Wilson was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1927 for his invention of the cloud chamber named after him. Rutherford used this equipment to study alpha rays more closely. He carried out many experiments on scattering of alpha particles by this foils of metals. On the basis of his experimental results, he announced in 1911 that the nucleus of an atom contained all the positive charge, which caused the alpha particles to divert their path as they approached the nucleus. Rutherford was then hailed as the discoverer of proton, the positively charged particle in the atom. It was Rutherford who discovered that an atom had a dense and massive positively-charged nucleus with the light negatively-charged electrons revolving around it. The simplest and lightest atom was that of hydrogen, with only one electron. In 1919, Rutherford proposed that the positively charged particle in the nucleus of hydrogen atom is a proton. These particles are present in the nuclei of all elements. The mass of a proton is 1836 times more than that of an electron. Like an electron, proton is also an elementary particle. Though proton is quite heavy than electron the electrical charge on both is equal but of opposite types. The mass of a proton is 1.6726231 X 10 -27 kg and proton’s electrical charge is 1.602.X 10 -19 coulomb.<br /><br />Rutherford’s celebrated students include Henri Moseley and Niels Bohr. It was thanks to the joint efforts of Rutherford and Bohr that the clear structure of the stom emerged. In 1919, Rutherford was appointed the director of Cambridge University and chairman of Cavendish Laboratory. This was a memorable day for Rutherford as he had succeeded his guide J J Thomson. Thomson’s another student James Chadwick discovered neutron in 1932, though Rutherford had predicted the existence of such a particle long before. The ‘Father of Proton’, researcher of radioactivity, Rutherford died in 1937. He published about 80 research papers, winning respect, honour and medals, aptly to be called Lord Ernest Rutherford of Nelson. </div>Braj Kishor Singhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17590802576861302441noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5062575314837303624.post-57862156988321468922011-03-03T12:29:00.000+05:302011-03-03T12:45:37.918+05:30John Logie Baird<div align="justify"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_oeCQfrLclZ7OkBEdTbOzhUmytV8TY7hc5p7-6HjIWllzc7Q4qBGVaF5xKR3AXqDV-WYuDT6GTZmRheTJZE5AyLZi0huoBrjGpD1G9g2h_f0tVClprErrKGaFgLMBaE1Sn5jPljlq4z8/s1600/John+Logie+Baird.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5579747486954751634" style="FLOAT: right; MARGIN: 0px 0px 10px 10px; WIDTH: 183px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 216px" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_oeCQfrLclZ7OkBEdTbOzhUmytV8TY7hc5p7-6HjIWllzc7Q4qBGVaF5xKR3AXqDV-WYuDT6GTZmRheTJZE5AyLZi0huoBrjGpD1G9g2h_f0tVClprErrKGaFgLMBaE1Sn5jPljlq4z8/s320/John+Logie+Baird.jpg" border="0" /></a>The inventor of the television, John Logie Baird was born on August 13, 1888, at a hamlet Helensburgh, Dunbarton, near Glasgow, Scotland. Son of a Scottish engineer, he became the first man to televise pictures of objects in motion. The Youngest in the family, John was of weak constitution and often remained ill, especially afflicted with cold. This affected his study. He did not have any particular interest in reading. His only interest was photography. He was a member of his school photography club. Boys took photographs all by themselves. The club held a monthly competition wherein the best photograph among those clicked by the students was awarded a prize.<br /><br />John had another interest too. He conducted experiments using electric wires. He had a particular interest in telephone. He had even linked a telephone line from his home to his friend’s house at some distance and both would talk for hours on this indigenous phone line. On one particular stormy night the wires broke off, and got tangled and coiled around the neck of passerby. Luckily, the man was saved, but John got the scolding of his life and thus ended this saga. As he grew up, his electrical experiments increased. Once, he thought of creating diamonds. He thought out a formula and collected the required material, some of it explosive in nature. But the volatile explosive material suddenly caught fire resulting in a blast. Though he was saved, he vowed never to do such dangerous experiments.<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbnstk6DE4c0E57bvVJSlNYu5hTPd4Bh7C_GorVpIF5sk-2OzFcgk6PDixAKyQ8EzGn2vTiEGjBXZw30V1R-IVnaDnjIIi1L0Y9Udyz_mJ0tTx_FIBYahBounCDMLtB-3Gv9ZkfIB1eSA/s1600/John+Logie+Baird+Wallpaper.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5579747951550673538" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 380px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 291px" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbnstk6DE4c0E57bvVJSlNYu5hTPd4Bh7C_GorVpIF5sk-2OzFcgk6PDixAKyQ8EzGn2vTiEGjBXZw30V1R-IVnaDnjIIi1L0Y9Udyz_mJ0tTx_FIBYahBounCDMLtB-3Gv9ZkfIB1eSA/s320/John+Logie+Baird+Wallpaper.jpg" border="0" /></a>With a view to be an engineer, Baird took up a job at an electricity company. He realized that he had to earn his bread. But he was not much comfortable at his work. One day he was so severely struck by bad cold that he was confined to his bed. To keep himself warm, he wrapped papers on his feet. It worked. This triggered him of an idea to make socks. He brought necessary things the next morning, dyed the cotton yarn in various colours and made colourful socks. He went to a shopkeeper and showed his creation. The shopkeeper bought all the socks and asked him to supply more. Soon, Glasgow dwellers were using this innovative creation of Baird. Later, he employed people for mass production of socks.<br /><br />He was once again down with severe cold and illness. The doctor advised him to stay at a place with warmer climate. He decided to go to West Indies. He was happy with the prospect of the extended market for socks. But the shopkeepers in West Indies did not show any interest in his socks. He was unable to sell even a single pair of socks. His ever creative mind thought of something else. West Indies had many orchards of lemon, orange and sugar cane. He thought of pickle factory and soon discovered to his horror that the sugar and the sweet aroma of pickles attracted some poisonous insects in the area. They even bit Baird. His health further deteriorated and he returned to London.<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjOYRB6tbmIecdhDByFeF3tNwOlLJW4bJwM3Z-rZhSwDTobcFTL72Dr8kO1fd_zkhDSlNGoYDc0bZxcGAJOJ5bOvIahCcduhETML5x0X6wrXumuiSfhK3OALgIHfXss3g_B3mygTf7wlw/s1600/John+Logie+Baird+Pictures.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5579747745435371986" style="FLOAT: right; MARGIN: 0px 0px 10px 10px; WIDTH: 185px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 238px" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjOYRB6tbmIecdhDByFeF3tNwOlLJW4bJwM3Z-rZhSwDTobcFTL72Dr8kO1fd_zkhDSlNGoYDc0bZxcGAJOJ5bOvIahCcduhETML5x0X6wrXumuiSfhK3OALgIHfXss3g_B3mygTf7wlw/s320/John+Logie+Baird+Pictures.jpg" border="0" /></a>The cold climate of London did not suit him as it was very cold there and the doctor advised him to move near the seashore. This worked. On a pleasant evening, while he was taking a stroll on the beach, he heard a song on radio playing at a nearby hotel. Suddenly it struck him: sound could travel far through waves. He wondered if it was possible to send visuals the same way. He started working on this concept. He collected the required material: wire, and empty trunk, batteries, empty cookie tins, bicycle headlight, candle, etc. He worked continuously for days experimenting on the contraption. Finally, he could produce a blurred picture on a screen in his room. Now, he worked hard to obtain a clearer picture. When his landlord came to know about his experiments, he threw him out. But he was undeterred. He returned to London and worked even more enthusiastically. After many days, he succeeded in producing clear images on the screen. Coming to know the experiment and its results, people started dropping at his residence, taking keen interest in his work. Once, Baird made a boy stand in one room and showed his image on a screen in another room. He could even show the movements of the boy clearly on the screen. He was extremely delighted with his success.<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6OYeEjzB51oZ_8cUckUwtnjM6VSyZANRKSrWKPVzFH7mMnB05GQ_Hq4FtOdEl5_a-Eh8f4K5C4C7BmG5gpQFXAwm532cdJh8ssLZRaht2wLi2wV3J_m7SC_yIgXpcuSge2X_FCrbC07U/s1600/John+Logie+Baird+photo.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5579747950945612834" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 165px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 207px" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6OYeEjzB51oZ_8cUckUwtnjM6VSyZANRKSrWKPVzFH7mMnB05GQ_Hq4FtOdEl5_a-Eh8f4K5C4C7BmG5gpQFXAwm532cdJh8ssLZRaht2wLi2wV3J_m7SC_yIgXpcuSge2X_FCrbC07U/s320/John+Logie+Baird+photo.jpg" border="0" /></a> He invited scientists and journalists for a demonstration. They appreciated his work and congratulation him for his invaluable invention. Soon, the world knew about Baird and his invention. Initially, the pictures appeared blurred, but soon they became clear. He even succeeded in relaying colored pictures. Now, he started relaying opera and theatre on his television. He even started work on developing a television set. Despite employing many people he was unable to meet the public demand. In fact, he had envisioned a television station on the lines of a radio station. But commencement of World War II marred his plans. Besides, his relay station was also bombarded and destroyed. Meanwhile, he progressed towards the broadcast of colour pictures.<br /><br />Once again he was struck by a bout of severe cold. This time it was life threatening. He left the experiments midway and returned home. On June 14, 1946, at Bexhill – on-Sea, Sussex, England, this after presenting the world with the wonderful gift – television, the 58 year old John Logie Baird bid adieu. </div>Braj Kishor Singhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17590802576861302441noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5062575314837303624.post-17659023051797402072011-02-26T22:27:00.001+05:302011-02-26T22:51:13.686+05:30Irving Langmuir (1881 – 1957)<div align="justify"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhx4Jq4qFA83Y8cMlGwameK_w6FAVsw-vfyqo1Y9SMZ25RzHPeWhd1cAIkcuO3uzM7e-mgYXnLzOFx_XFYRkeWaAoj6aehuBX5Gbaa1nGtzUnQthlNlPfxsSwpAhK3RbWxnRmVpvWSOEh0/s1600/Irving+Langmuir.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5578043955139599362" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 182px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 218px" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhx4Jq4qFA83Y8cMlGwameK_w6FAVsw-vfyqo1Y9SMZ25RzHPeWhd1cAIkcuO3uzM7e-mgYXnLzOFx_XFYRkeWaAoj6aehuBX5Gbaa1nGtzUnQthlNlPfxsSwpAhK3RbWxnRmVpvWSOEh0/s320/Irving+Langmuir.jpg" border="0" /></a><strong>Irving Langmuir</strong> was born on <strong>Jan. 31, 1881</strong> in Brooklyn, New York, USA. His elder brother Arthur played an important role in Irving’s progress. When Irving was nine years old, to sustain his interest in science, Arthur thought of setting up a small laboratory for him. At the age of 11, Irving joined school in Brooklyn. Within a year, his father was transferred to Paris and Irving had to be admitted at a French boarding house in Paris. He loved the school as he could spend as much time in the laboratory as he wanted to. When his father was transferred back to America, he took admission at Pret Institute of Brooklyn where Arthur was an instructor. Besides, he worked in a factory as a chemist. Irving started living at his brother’s place then.<br /><br />Under such favorable environment he was able to gain more knowledge. He excelled in chemistry and calculus. He used to read all available science magazines and books. Through he lost his father at 17, he never faced any financial problem. In 1899, at the age of 18, Irving got admission in Columbia College. Here, students were given special training related to mine industry. Irving received training as a metallurgical engineer. For further studies, he again went to Europe to study at Gottingen University, Germany for three years. On completion of his studies, Irving was appointed as professor at the Technical Institute in New Jersey. He had a few other offers, but preferred this institute as he would have the freedom and additional time for conducting research.<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjg2pXZKQqqMquc4O3_7LVXxW2hWtuwW5k0gJ3ecwwseNYY6k-Rq2OZXY4gyf8MAUD5JfHcz_LeoqDlxXOjAGr2GNi3EXFIT5IJBAxFYfhnuQ316sCAMcII8z49i631d3UhbP7BVykfQU4/s1600/Irving+Langmuir+Wallpaper.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5578044071049967810" style="FLOAT: right; MARGIN: 0px 0px 10px 10px; WIDTH: 196px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 249px" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjg2pXZKQqqMquc4O3_7LVXxW2hWtuwW5k0gJ3ecwwseNYY6k-Rq2OZXY4gyf8MAUD5JfHcz_LeoqDlxXOjAGr2GNi3EXFIT5IJBAxFYfhnuQ316sCAMcII8z49i631d3UhbP7BVykfQU4/s320/Irving+Langmuir+Wallpaper.jpg" border="0" /></a>During the summer vacation of 1909, he got an excellent opportunity to carry out research. A newly established laboratory at New York invited Langmuir for research in the vacation batches and he happily accepted it. Here, he got an opportunity to study tungsten wire used in the electric light bulb. This wire had a short life span as it would burn out very fast. Langmuir conducted research to find the reason behind it. The vacation came to an end, yet he was unable to complete his research. He was requested to continue at the institute as a staff member till the research was over. He accepted the invitation and also got the permission to conduct research on other independent projects simultaneously. Here, he proposed the concept of ‘Pure Research’ which was readily accepted. The vice president in charge of research at the General Electric Laboratory, Willis Rodney Whitney was a visionary. He recognized the importance of Langmuir’s research and readily cooperated.<br /><br />Langmuir devised a special mercury vapour pump, which could suck out all the air from a bulb, producing a high vacuum in it. He also discovered that some inert gases like argon did react with hot tungsten. The tungsten wire could now be used for longer time. If inert gases like nitrogen or argon were vacuum packed in a tungsten wire bulb, its life could be further extended. This discovery was beneficial to both, the bulb manufacturing companies and the customers. During the same priod Langmuir announced another invention-atomic hydrogen torch. He observed that at a very high temperature, i.e. at the melting point of the tungsten wire, hydrogen atoms got separated (fission). Moreover, when these atoms were reunited (fusion), energy was released. Based on this principle, Langmuir developed the atomic hydrogen torch in 1927. One could weld metal at the temperature of 6000 C with this torch which made welding job comparatively easy.<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwTYpkY4gfwnREwNijQx_TeIi3xIFLYkMombUQTObxgSwON58ra5u9Kh70GNbIo6RwwMwWUrl7Y0lFSqxZBNs7tILfBkrx2Zc0FXxO5mT1cgQl9qSRQ4OLfM6EEVqvCXD27z4tnWcpzYg/s1600/Irving+Langmuir+Photo.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5578043961894048722" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 208px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 252px" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwTYpkY4gfwnREwNijQx_TeIi3xIFLYkMombUQTObxgSwON58ra5u9Kh70GNbIo6RwwMwWUrl7Y0lFSqxZBNs7tILfBkrx2Zc0FXxO5mT1cgQl9qSRQ4OLfM6EEVqvCXD27z4tnWcpzYg/s320/Irving+Langmuir+Photo.jpg" border="0" /></a>Even after such a great success, Langmuir was not satisfied. Now, he wanted to know why some elements like argon and helium were inert, while elements like hydrogen and chlorine were active. He began study of the structure of an atom. He possessed sound knowledge of chemistry, physics and mathematics. The atomic number of hydrogen is one. One electron revolves around its nucleus and this orbit is incomplete. The atomic number of helium is two and two electrons revolve around its nucleus in an orbit and the orbit is complete. Neon, the gas on which Langmuir had worked a lot, was an inactive or inert gas. It’s atomic number is ten. It has two electrons revolving in an orbit closer to the nucleus and eight electrons revolving in an orbit away from the nucleus. Neon is inert. The atomic number of Chlorine is seventeen. Out of seventeen electrons two revolve in the first orbit, eight revolve in the second orbit and the remaining seven revolve in the third orbit. The third orbit is incomplete. Chlorine is active because it tends to accept an electron to complete its outer orbit. Atoms of hydrogen and chlorine can share one electron from their outermost orbit. This is the reason why hydrogen easily combines with chlorine to produce hydrochloric acid. Langmuir’s findings about chemical activity were accepted all over the world. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1932. He was the first to use the terms electrovalence and covalence.<br /><br />He studied various other aspects. He studied certain chemicals for their colours and other external features, a study known as surface chemistry. His studies led to answers to certain basic questions like why certain substances dissolve in water and others do not, why some atoms float on the surface while others sink. His study helped in understanding of some features of catalysis. The General Electric Company appreciated Langmuir’s work and appointed his Vice-chairman of the company. He would travel abroad during the summer vacations with his family. At work, he spent every moment in research. Thereafter, he also carried out research on the Weather and artificial rain. He would create artificial rain in a limited area by sprinkling silver iodide over the clouds.<br /><br />He retired in 1951, but continued as a guide and adviser to the company as well as to the government. He died in 1957. He spent all his life for the world of science. Apart from the Nobel Prize, he was awarded and conferred upon several other prizes and honours by many scientific institutions. </div>Braj Kishor Singhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17590802576861302441noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5062575314837303624.post-79709685837687245222011-02-24T11:41:00.001+05:302011-02-24T11:52:44.699+05:30Guglielmo Marconi (1874 – 1937)<div align="justify"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOr5y-IwJT52buPS2-Ap9v3dsZDivSSaZINAQ6ML3MIbMSX3QnX22aBSUxr1Wy9E39_iHyfHp6wDAFNis5iHugOJugtlWiM0ULUKwXjQu945sg9wJHfd8H0MKTO6YyDTjORRNp2xpLBqg/s1600/Guglielmo+Marconi.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5577135119070607570" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 170px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 204px" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOr5y-IwJT52buPS2-Ap9v3dsZDivSSaZINAQ6ML3MIbMSX3QnX22aBSUxr1Wy9E39_iHyfHp6wDAFNis5iHugOJugtlWiM0ULUKwXjQu945sg9wJHfd8H0MKTO6YyDTjORRNp2xpLBqg/s320/Guglielmo+Marconi.jpg" border="0" /></a><strong>Guglielmo Marconi</strong> was an Italian scientist and inventor, known for his development of Marconi's law and a radio telegraph system, which served as the foundation for the establishment of numerous affiliated companies worldwide. He was born on <strong>April 25, 1874</strong> in Bologna, Italy. He belonged to an affluent and cultured family, which provided him with the best of education. Marconi was a talented and polite child. Right since school days he carried out experiments and he preferred electrical experiments the most. He was allotted a room in his house which he converted into a laboratory. The room was scattered with wires, poles and tin containers. The enthusiastic youngster spent hours in this laboratory.<br /><br />It was a time, when Scottish scientist James Clerk Maxwell’s (1831-79) name was on everybody’s lips. He had put forward the unified theory of electromagnetism, and the nature and propagation of electromagnetic waves. Before him, Faraday had discovered electromagnetic waves. Before him, Faraday had discovered electromagnetic induction; a changing magnetic field could produce electricity in an electric conductor. Similarly, any change in electric field could produce a magnetic field. The electric and magnetic effects took some specific field. The electric and magnetic effects took some specific time to travel through air and vacuum. Maxwell had tried to gather information about electromagnetic waves and its propagation through mathematical equations. The speed of such waves was 1,86,000 miles (Approx. 3 lakh kilometers) per second. Such waves traveling through air or vacuum without passing through any wire were also called wireless waves.<br /><br />When this discovery was being discussed in the scientific world, Marconi was just 15 years old. Once, he took his father into his small laboratory to demonstrate his experiments. He rang an electric bell fixed 15 feet away with such waves. His father appreciated his efforts saying it was a short distance and told him that he should try to cover longer distance. Morconi continued his experiments with keen interest. He hung one wire in the air and buried another wire in the ground. He sent a wireless message up to a distance of about a mile. He felt that he had achieved something remarkable, but he also felt that the people of his country were not able to recognize his genius. So Marconi left Italy and arrived in London. He consulted an officer in the department of electricity and exhibited his findings. The officer was very much impressed with the work done by this young man and promised him all help.<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDP73KoBlWnoCp6EPjhVl-cq6_vrozb2GduY8kpXRYUUc5zitGqZWzJdXKl5xhwFtsFe97Y-tihpjeWS_c6Hxl_D6UTPGC8shOYQI3o6_c3CEBYGbUDEyVbRT5I4Z_o9Um5yB4vBQSbU0/s1600/Guglielmo+Marconi+photo.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5577135118392624850" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 391px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 299px" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDP73KoBlWnoCp6EPjhVl-cq6_vrozb2GduY8kpXRYUUc5zitGqZWzJdXKl5xhwFtsFe97Y-tihpjeWS_c6Hxl_D6UTPGC8shOYQI3o6_c3CEBYGbUDEyVbRT5I4Z_o9Um5yB4vBQSbU0/s320/Guglielmo+Marconi+photo.jpg" border="0" /></a>Encouraged by this response, he arranged for a public demonstration of his experiments on the terrace of London’s General Post Office. People applauded his innovative idea and London newspapers the next day were full of praise for this young Italian. Professor Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose (1858 – 1937) of India, However, had already experimented on production and propagation of electromagnetic waves, in 1895. Bose was appointed professor of physics at the Presidency College, Kolkata (Calcutta). He had very limited means and facilities. But he used to make his own equipment out of the scrap available in market. He even had to spend his own money on these experiments. He carried out the experiment on production and propagation of electromagnetic waves in 1884. He demonstrated his discovery in the presence of the British Governor at Town Hall, Kolkata. The waves traveled a distance of 25 meters. A London periodical published two of his research papers. In 1895, he was invited by Royal Society to London, and there he demonstrated publicly the production of electromagnetic waves relaying them through concrete walls. Thus, London had viewed these demonstrations even before Marconi showed them. Bose was invited again for demonstration in 1896, this time in the presence of great scholars including Lord Kelvin. London University awarded him the degree of Doctor of Science based on his research papers published earlier.<br /><br />Jagadish Chandra, a simple man, never got his invention patented. Hence, the world did not take much notice of his important discovery. Soon, Marconi announced his invention and also secured the patent for the same. Marconi got all the credit for the invention as well as the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1909. Thus, Marconi came to be known as the pioneer of radio telegraphy. The news of this wonderful invention spread all over the world. The Government of Italy invited him to return home and promised all help required for his experiments. Marconi returned home and established a wireless station with the help of government grant. He could successfully send wireless messages to far away sailing naval war ships during the World War I. The Italian royalty also appreciated Marconi’s arrangement. This also fetched him more financial help. He could strengthen his infrastructure which resulted in longer distance propagation of the wireless waves, even across the English Channel. Marconi decided to establish a similar wireless station in Britain. He erected a 200 feet high tower. But before the station became functional, a cyclone razed the tower and other supporting poles to the ground. This did not dishearten Marconi. He decided to erect a 400 feet high tower and soon the wireless messages were transmitted in all the directions to a longer distance.<br /><br />With his wireless waves, Marconi had served his motherland in World War I. Later on, he established his private and the world’s first radio station at Chelmsford. When Fleming invented the valve, radio receivers with valves were made available in the open market. And with the invention of the transistor after a few years the small transistor radio sets appeared in the market. Marconi was financially very well-off now. Many nations and scientific institutions honoured Marconi soon after he was awarded the Nobel Prize. In 1929 the king of Italy honoured Marconi and his heirs with a pride of place in the royal court. Fortunately, his father Giuseppe lived to witness all these laurels won by his son. In 1927, 53 year old Marconi married 23 year old Countess Maria. Three years later Maria gave birth to a daughter. In 1933, the Marconi couple set out on a world tour. Marconi died in 1937. We can not imagine a world without wireless today. Truly, the credit of enabling us to communicate rapidly through his invention of the wireless communication goes to none other than Marconi. </div>Braj Kishor Singhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17590802576861302441noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5062575314837303624.post-12788571520984684882011-02-22T12:58:00.000+05:302011-02-22T13:07:15.843+05:30Robert Millikan (1868 – 1953)<div align="justify"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWoM0aL74YY_crvRRxoa1ul2WHqPbC3lEmFk4vNklu8RQeu96Fy1M1HKtlVR35MD3OSKVk-1H6gPqJQpuGjOhhYbJmvKRmeUchC-2pNStEJZileJ3dkpBXyRQtjdB0RKJhHH3uQK_9S_g/s1600/Robert+Millikan.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5576413042649537586" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 181px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 220px" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWoM0aL74YY_crvRRxoa1ul2WHqPbC3lEmFk4vNklu8RQeu96Fy1M1HKtlVR35MD3OSKVk-1H6gPqJQpuGjOhhYbJmvKRmeUchC-2pNStEJZileJ3dkpBXyRQtjdB0RKJhHH3uQK_9S_g/s320/Robert+Millikan.jpg" border="0" /></a>Every graduate student of physics learns about the classic experiment- Millikan oil-drop experiment to determine the electronic charge. The inventor of the experiment, the world renowned scientist <strong>Robert Andrews Millikan</strong>, was born on <strong>March 22, 1868</strong> at Morrison, Illinois, USA. He came from a family of less means, finance and a large family. Since childhood, he had to do odd jobs to help supplement the family income. The family condition forced all the six siblings in the house to contribute their mite or little earnings, before they could get any formal education.<br /><br />In 1875, the Millikans moved to Maquoketa, in Iowa State. This small village with a population of 3000 had 13 liquor bars. The village was known for its ruffians and thugs who frequented it. Yet, they stayed here for 11 years. The entire day revolved around the same routine as there was no avenue for them. Going to the gymnasium in the morning, helping the family in domestic duties, playing baseball and then a swim in the river were the kind of activities they indulged in. All such activities ensured that the three Millikan brothers became good body-builders. There was a small village school which the brothers joined. The principal was a teacher of physics, but he was more interested in other activities than his subject. Hence, students too were not inclined towards physics. Millikan took a liking for the Greek language, literature and mathematics.<br /><br />When asked at a school, “Are you ready to take up job as physics teacher?” he readily agreed out of necessity. He started burning the midnight oil to teach himself physics. Gradually, he picked up and started mastering the subject. He devoted his vacations to the study of physics. Students started attending his classes. The principal too, was pleased with the young man and offered him tutorship with a yearly remuneration of $600. In 1891, he graduated from Oberlin. He also offered his services at the local gymnasium. Meanwhile, his professor recommended him for a fellowship at Columbia University. In the fall of 1893, he was awarded special fellowship. Here, he came into contact with geniuses like Professor Rood, Woodward and Pupin. Under their able guidance coupled with his perseverance, he received his doctorate in 1895.<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMRl6TYDpDdS9TWnpyiLY4qjSCVbzYE-aO4FYZZMUzwuXTzp0U_gTZ4KzSAvrTlHHa0DUGqmkkt53iycx4wGCWyQqotzdr69Thm638ZDal2B2rgYRSF_s4S6i858yUAXxOIXOIeE2NUIQ/s1600/Scientists+Robert+Millikan.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5576413046478260802" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 281px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 290px" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMRl6TYDpDdS9TWnpyiLY4qjSCVbzYE-aO4FYZZMUzwuXTzp0U_gTZ4KzSAvrTlHHa0DUGqmkkt53iycx4wGCWyQqotzdr69Thm638ZDal2B2rgYRSF_s4S6i858yUAXxOIXOIeE2NUIQ/s320/Scientists+Robert+Millikan.jpg" border="0" /></a>At that time, America was far behind Europe in theoretical and applied physics. Physicists in Europe were engaged in various researches and in chemistry new vistas opened up. The term of Millikan’s fellowship came to an end and he was not given any extension. On Pupin’s advice, he took a loan of $300 and went to Europe to be part of mainstream research. During 1895-96, he stayed in Europe. It was a time when Becquerel had discovered radioactivity and was continuing experiments in that field. This training helped Millikan to become a good researcher, able administrator and also an excellent professor.<br /><br />In 1896, Professor Albert Michelson invited Millikan to join his department as assistant at Chicago University. Millikan accepted the offer despite more lucrative offers form other places. He stayed on at Chicago University for 25 years and contributed his career’s best research years. He was made professor in 1910. During his tenure the department of physics gained immense popularity and became the most important centre for study of physics in America. Now those things were moving smoothly. Millikan reduced his teaching and concentrated totally on research. He carried out the oil-drop experiment and concluded that a tiny drop of oil measured to a thousandth part of a millimeter. Earlier, J J Thomson had determined the charge of cathode particles (electrons). In 1909, he performed his famous oil-drop experiment to determine the value of the electronic charge. Millikan reanalyzed it and in 1912 he determined electronic mass with his experiments. He also verified Einstein’s photoelectric equation and obtained a precise value for the Planck’s constant were very accurate; the accuracy of which was not surpassed for several years.<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZVAcfe4ZL60947yeag1ozewu7DKNj0cJi2biUwJhdUu17RthmvvEdELvzIgXz0UcWHQbrCTMq4pFSPfaiHViX0wUYvdSygri001mN-V0ken8psV0Wgjk8n_Nxkuh1YzaNtB-qKjMCxnw/s1600/Robert+Millikan++Photo.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5576413038809616546" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 181px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 203px" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZVAcfe4ZL60947yeag1ozewu7DKNj0cJi2biUwJhdUu17RthmvvEdELvzIgXz0UcWHQbrCTMq4pFSPfaiHViX0wUYvdSygri001mN-V0ken8psV0Wgjk8n_Nxkuh1YzaNtB-qKjMCxnw/s320/Robert+Millikan++Photo.jpg" border="0" /></a><strong>Robert Millikan</strong> was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1923 for his invaluable contribution in the research on the elementary (electronic) charge and the photoelectric effect. In 1921, he left the Chicago University to join the Norman Bridge Laboratory of Physics at the California Institute of Technology, Pasadena and later, became its chairman in 1923. There, he made some initial studies of cosmic rays which were invaluable. He developed a special electroscope, which could be used for measurements on the most powerful cosmic rays. He held the post of chairman of the executive council of the institute until his retirement in 1945. It is to Millikan’s credit that American research in physics got its due recognition. He trained and guided many future researchers, including C D Anderson who discovered positron.<br /><br />In 1953, at the ripe old age of 87, Millikan passed away. He was one of the scientists who brought America to the forefront of research in physics and guided a young generation of scientists.</div>Braj Kishor Singhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17590802576861302441noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5062575314837303624.post-23864932740548094842011-02-03T19:24:00.000+05:302011-02-03T19:54:21.774+05:30Wilbur – Orville Wright<div align="justify"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrM1Txis6RC5zpEXy48i2rBGXB84iBQZNM1PUg7H9uNooStZbsxnTEIs5hZ4PTJudnPObqOqqI5fkkUTUeZtRWkCi7iNwQ3wgaHVwI1mJIE5vWdrD3pkDhe0USz1K2S4HQPw7_VMVJ55M/s1600/Wright+Brothers.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5569462876321307650" style="FLOAT: right; MARGIN: 0px 0px 10px 10px; WIDTH: 256px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 189px" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrM1Txis6RC5zpEXy48i2rBGXB84iBQZNM1PUg7H9uNooStZbsxnTEIs5hZ4PTJudnPObqOqqI5fkkUTUeZtRWkCi7iNwQ3wgaHVwI1mJIE5vWdrD3pkDhe0USz1K2S4HQPw7_VMVJ55M/s320/Wright+Brothers.jpg" border="0" /></a><strong>Wilbur Wright (1867 -1912)</strong> and <strong>Orville Wright (1871 – 1948)</strong> were two Americans who are well known for his inventing and building the world’s first successful airplane and making the first controlled, powered and sustained heavier-than-air human flight, on December 17, 1903. They are also known as the ‘Wright Brothers’, the world over. Wilbur, the elder of the two, was born on April 16, 1867 in Melville, Indiana, USA. Their father Milton Wright was an ordained minister of the Church of the United Brethren in Christ. Their mother was Susan Catherine Koerner. Milton Wright met Susan Catherine Koerner when he was training for the ministry, while she was a student at the United Brethren College in Hartsville, Indiana. In 1869, the Wright family moved to Dayton, Ohio State. They bought a small house there. Two years later, on August 19, 1871, younger brother Orville was born. After two years, their sister, Catherine was born. Their father was a priest in a local church. The Wright children did not receive any formal education, but could read and write.<br /><br /><strong>Wilbur and Orville</strong> enjoyed flying kites and loved watching birds fly. They always wondered whether it was possible for human beings to do the same. In this regard, they went through many books and also collected information they could lay their hands on. Orville loved to read the newspaper. This led him to be a newsperson at the young age. At 17, he independently published his newspaper. He was the writer, editor and printer of this newspaper. Soon it became quite popular and he asked Wilbur to join him as busy, but got ample opportunity to go through reading materials. They had a dream and it was to soar in the sky. Meanwhile, their mother Susan passed away in 1889. In 1890, they came across the news of a German named Otto Lilienthal who had flown a glider. A glider has no engine, but the pilot balanced the aircraft by changing positions. This news encouraged the Wright Brothers to pursue making of their dream machine.<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3-fVk_CYKlxmI0z7T6ZZN5_xO3Lnlc7c4Kx9RDB-5yXoJ2hgXcAi5t98m04LXo21rAeKFBJFfPqqxHNPEASg6ZrtDjhjtLXTAI3-SH0ALda9wnaQdy0DTYtYMr_kIEwpyOZlNAzd1nMM/s1600/First+flight+at+Kitty+Hawk%252C+in+1903.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5569461764290994050" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 436px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 325px" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3-fVk_CYKlxmI0z7T6ZZN5_xO3Lnlc7c4Kx9RDB-5yXoJ2hgXcAi5t98m04LXo21rAeKFBJFfPqqxHNPEASg6ZrtDjhjtLXTAI3-SH0ALda9wnaQdy0DTYtYMr_kIEwpyOZlNAzd1nMM/s320/First+flight+at+Kitty+Hawk%252C+in+1903.jpg" border="0" /></a><strong>In 1892</strong>, the brothers opened a bicycle shop. Profits from the print shop and the bicycle shop eventually were to fund the Wright brothers’ aeronautical experiments. Through trial and error they succeeded in their experiments and formed the basic principles of flying. They created a small air-tunnel in their bicycle store. They had developed more than 100 types of aircrafts wings. They checked each of them and selected the best pair. They also observed that the birds controlled their movements in air by bending the farthest ends of their wings. So, they changed their wing design to aileron. They built their first glider and flew it as per their expectations. Thereafter, they built a lightweight four-cylinder, petrol driven engine with 12 horsepower. They wrapped velvet over a two-wing wooden structure and built an aircraft with 43 feet (approximately 9.3 metres) long wings. </div><div align="justify"></div><div align="justify"><br /><strong>The brothers</strong> were now confident of their success. They invited people to witness the first flight. They had organized the event at Kitty Hawk, near the seashore. They had arranged wooden planks under the aircraft. Orville took his seat in the cockpit. Wilbur pushed the aircraft on the planks. Soon, the aircraft took off into the air. It flew 100 feet high for 12 seconds and then safely returned to ground. It was Wilbur Wright’s turn now. This time, the aircraft went higher up to 812 feet and stayed in air for 59 seconds. The Wright Brothers had realized their dream. Still, a lot more was needed to be done. They decided to make an aircraft with a more powerful engine. To celebrate their success, the brother joined the family for Christmas. Their father’s blessings spurred them further. They continued their experiments and made that could fly up to one and half kilometers. They closed down the bicycle store and concentrated totally on their dream machine. It was also a time when similar experiments were being performed in Europe. Wilbur Wright visited France and impressed Frenchmen with his skills. He even took a government officer along for a ride. The ride lasted for an hour and four minutes. Meanwhile, Orville continued his efforts in America. He also took the locals on trips performing experiments. He once flew an army officer. Unfortunately, the aircraft crashed and the army officer was killed. Orville sustained some injuries.<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2UDONcIaNdQ_BH8Q1L8asAe2e2q2rE-Z_a_D89RwXWIyE5iX_gPv40ZOZnX5JYhKHbi924EmKLwZB2cSC-EZZntZJTykCWTDHIGmfUiwQo_Ci9TVkSOm68b-DcfOO-s4JfUBGnzzHL2g/s1600/Wright+brothers+Photo.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5569462237709110818" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 239px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 174px" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2UDONcIaNdQ_BH8Q1L8asAe2e2q2rE-Z_a_D89RwXWIyE5iX_gPv40ZOZnX5JYhKHbi924EmKLwZB2cSC-EZZntZJTykCWTDHIGmfUiwQo_Ci9TVkSOm68b-DcfOO-s4JfUBGnzzHL2g/s320/Wright+brothers+Photo.gif" border="0" /></a><strong>The Wright Brothers</strong> had become famous all over the world. A company contracted them to make aircraft. With money pouring in, they had become rich and famous. December 17, 1903 was a memorable day for the Wright Brothers at 10.35 a.m. they took off on their maiden flight. It became the most memorable day of their lives when they wrote their names in history. The event was celebrated the world over. They had become rich and prosperous, but they were not content. Business did not hold them back. They wanted to experiment more. They restarted their research. Meanwhile, Wilbur died of typhoid on May 30, 1912. Around the same time the house they were building was complete. The grieving family had to move in without Wilbur. On April 3, 1917, their father passed away at the age of 89. Orville Wright was now president of the company. He had become an expert in flying aircraft. He died on January 30, 1948, at the age of 77, in a Dayton hospital. The Wright Brothers became the first human beings to take to wings and because of their persistent efforts reached their goal and the world honoured them with many awards.<br /><br /><strong>The Wright Brothers Photo</strong><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgi8F3IpiUCV00pYQ8KqKkIlLRCZjgcBcaY-Saj9zrl1khlkJ21OA-TuxU7soB9VVGYh8D9IrSx5rVkQhbgX8FqtVZ3lTGuerX8eN_Jo8_5ScZeMigvC4n2ypWiXnYTbkoZ4-kuWFBExg8/s1600/Scientist+Wilbur+Wright+Photo.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5569461770231584018" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 278px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 320px" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgi8F3IpiUCV00pYQ8KqKkIlLRCZjgcBcaY-Saj9zrl1khlkJ21OA-TuxU7soB9VVGYh8D9IrSx5rVkQhbgX8FqtVZ3lTGuerX8eN_Jo8_5ScZeMigvC4n2ypWiXnYTbkoZ4-kuWFBExg8/s320/Scientist+Wilbur+Wright+Photo.jpg" border="0" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrX1gaHJisserurdlxyhTNWRRbSfEzPgEwRKn4da_Nfau7HT__yiBI6id7WFhVuKExw1s1w8g0D7hnq0CFvepRq4LR96qSNsgeUjyUV3q0kj4IZpeL6hn4JdoNe4rrTao2ylCglQPAtpo/s1600/Scientist+Orville+Wright+Photo.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5569461767150651618" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 280px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 321px" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrX1gaHJisserurdlxyhTNWRRbSfEzPgEwRKn4da_Nfau7HT__yiBI6id7WFhVuKExw1s1w8g0D7hnq0CFvepRq4LR96qSNsgeUjyUV3q0kj4IZpeL6hn4JdoNe4rrTao2ylCglQPAtpo/s320/Scientist+Orville+Wright+Photo.jpg" border="0" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg739LgCKTg375qdX6EUBfLIhTU3nVl138brKG4LvgHPiZQj2-ZGkWUoHeVKNAvoPfsgVU3V6RLdSlxy87X2Yy96vuO6_CimAhyim3DewOqI4zBYZP65kfeOWW2VllqC-UoJ5CtmQbjLkI/s1600/Wright+Brothers+Pictures.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5569462235966578578" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 317px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 271px" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg739LgCKTg375qdX6EUBfLIhTU3nVl138brKG4LvgHPiZQj2-ZGkWUoHeVKNAvoPfsgVU3V6RLdSlxy87X2Yy96vuO6_CimAhyim3DewOqI4zBYZP65kfeOWW2VllqC-UoJ5CtmQbjLkI/s320/Wright+Brothers+Pictures.gif" border="0" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiq85ltArRO08RBA5HcL98vwca1gNMIvvnenUNA8ri4v0izTuAhgcEeeTCZOsNZou1ksdoCiZpamCDfHv1TJXj_n4lVORytoVTou0ROxFIb6qt7F8-u0DoJ1UzyOJkWHeuLVHCLxZVY6w/s1600/Orville+Wright+Image%252C+1928..jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5569461762856744690" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 243px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 269px" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiq85ltArRO08RBA5HcL98vwca1gNMIvvnenUNA8ri4v0izTuAhgcEeeTCZOsNZou1ksdoCiZpamCDfHv1TJXj_n4lVORytoVTou0ROxFIb6qt7F8-u0DoJ1UzyOJkWHeuLVHCLxZVY6w/s320/Orville+Wright+Image%252C+1928..jpg" border="0" /></a></div>Braj Kishor Singhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17590802576861302441noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5062575314837303624.post-87152755931526443842011-01-31T19:51:00.000+05:302011-01-31T20:06:13.988+05:30Heinrich Rudolf Hertz (1857 – 1894)<div align="justify"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOnsrOIz9kcwY0KMRV422aWip7NydHS37dipRrDrie9k5-JUA9unXLmwhlxMwKsJpjpnr5xWSelyK6SEKMeSK2SO7RBW27TB406TF-YZPlAAOWdzEkw0SA2nJi0t9lbIQnhV7YoRSGeK4/s1600/Heinrich+Rudolf+Hertz.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5568355861808489650" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 169px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 199px" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOnsrOIz9kcwY0KMRV422aWip7NydHS37dipRrDrie9k5-JUA9unXLmwhlxMwKsJpjpnr5xWSelyK6SEKMeSK2SO7RBW27TB406TF-YZPlAAOWdzEkw0SA2nJi0t9lbIQnhV7YoRSGeK4/s320/Heinrich+Rudolf+Hertz.jpg" border="0" /></a><strong>Heinrich Rudolph Hertz</strong> was born on February 22, 1857, in a well-to-do family in Hamburg, Germany. His parents began his education with the intention of shaping his career in architecture and engineering. But soon they realized his interest in pure science and research. He was a curious child with a habit of observing and learning about new ideas and things. Heinrich joined Berlin University, where a person of rare intelligence, versatility and multifaceted personality – Professor Hermann Von Helmholtz, taught various subjects like physiology, anatomy, physics and mathematics.<br /><br />On the basis of his researches in physics, he conducted research in measurement of the speed of the throbbing of arteries. He produced electromagnetic waves in the laboratory and analysed their wavelength and speed. He also conducted analysis of oscillation and speed. He also conducted analysis of oscillation and speed of sound waves, principles of rhythm in music, gave a new statement on the conservation of energy; principles of the colour spectrum, etc. Besides, he also invented the ophthalmo-scope, to check eye diseases. This equipment is used even today for observation and correct diagnosis of the eye diseases.<br /><br />Hertz learnt a lot under the able guidance of Helmholtz. At the same time, Helmholtz also realized that he had a very talented pupil in Hertz. Both reciprocated each other with satisfaction. Hertz graduated in 1880 and was soon appointed as his deputy by Helmholtz in his research work in physics.<br /><br />In 1883, he was appointed professor of physics at Kiel in Northern Germany. He joined it and worked on Maxwell’s electromagnetic theory. The theory of electromagnetism was first published in the form of an essay in 1865. Many of the present day advancements in science are based on this theory. Hertz’s initiation into research brought him fame and provided him a new direction in research. He now concentrated on the experimental study of implication thought out the maxwell’s mathematical equations. He wondered if electromagnetic waves could also travel like light waves. He also began to visualize on the experiments that could be conducted on the subject. Meanwhile, he joined Karlsruhe Polytechnic as professor of physics. Now he thought of conducting research on the production and propagation of electromagnetic waves. He wondered how much time it would take to propagate such waves from one place to another and how to accurately measure such a small interval of time?<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJgeuwXblRs5tMEPAYONNWHZD0mtDsYDQA675TtADlssTvRgrrVNWqdNdzE3fFEMZqTjrGOg2KE6w1VOAXK8s36MJzLD8qx-fYhkCc5E8KaruOhX3KcBgl0ptLVhHaTHU0S8OdB0KsXXA/s1600/Heinrich+Rudolf+Hertz+Photo.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5568356024387436786" style="FLOAT: right; MARGIN: 0px 0px 10px 10px; WIDTH: 184px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 222px" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJgeuwXblRs5tMEPAYONNWHZD0mtDsYDQA675TtADlssTvRgrrVNWqdNdzE3fFEMZqTjrGOg2KE6w1VOAXK8s36MJzLD8qx-fYhkCc5E8KaruOhX3KcBgl0ptLVhHaTHU0S8OdB0KsXXA/s320/Heinrich+Rudolf+Hertz+Photo.jpg" border="0" /></a><strong>Heinrich</strong> constructed the world’s first radio transmitter and radio receiver for the purpose, generating radio waves. Prior to this no one had heard about it. Hertz’s equipment later laid the foundation for invention of the modern radio, radar and television. He conducted his experiments in a small 10m X 10m room. A wave traveling from one end to the other and back covered a distance of 20 meters. It was very difficult to measure the time taken by the wave to cover this distance as it was expected to be less than one microsecond. A brilliant idea struck him – a Leyden jar could be used for the pupose. A Leyden Jar (a type of capacitor) could be used as an instrument to measure time because the electric discharge that took place between two points was a very fast process. Another thought that struck him was that there could be some conductor, which could produce electric discharge.<br /><br />Hertz demonstrated the production and propagation of radio waves (electromagnetic waves of long wavelength). Next, he wanted to prove that however brief, a wave took specific time to another point. For this he once again returned to sound waves and dwelt on Helmholtz’s work. Waves originating from the same source but reaching destination by separated paths could either be weak or very powerful. In terms of frequently modulation one can call them constructive or destructive. As the receiver moves from one point to the other, the vibration will cease at a certain nodal point which in scientific terminology is called destructive interference. The distance between two such points is equal to half the wavelength. Hertz succeeded in measuring the wavelength of an electromagnetic radiation using the phenomenon of interference.<br /><br />Thereafter, Hertz studied many properties of the electromagnetic waves: like the radiations of light, these electromagnetic waves can be focused, distorted, reflected, refracted, polarized, etc. Similarly, he also measured the speed of the electromagnetic waves, which equaled the speed of light, i.e. 3 X 108 metre/second. Thus, through a series of experiments Hertz proved that the electromagnetic waves were quite similar to light waves. “My experiments have proved the solidarity of Maxwell’s doctrines.” He would say this in all modesty.<br /><br />In 1889, at a meeting held at Heidelberg, the Association for the advancement of Natural Sciences described and discussed Hertz’s experiments and findings. Researchers and scientists present at the meeting lauded his efforts. At the age of 32, Hertz was appointed professor of physics at the University of Bonn. Hertz met an untimely death, due to blood poisoning, at the age of 37 in 1894. The SI unit of frequency, the Hetz (Hz), is named after him.</div>Braj Kishor Singhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17590802576861302441noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5062575314837303624.post-6890374987467723112011-01-28T12:54:00.002+05:302011-01-28T13:10:01.485+05:30Sir J J Thomson (1856- 1940)<div align="justify"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgU-QntkdLndD4_jW98xqvz5LmoP4rzjDnJUPPpWwoekjE-nvl3EYPwuuTQtrsP0KfummO5zS72WT2j3BviogKW3yQ88FdQYOD7LBDpITLVl5lyq0qQaQj2e_NKekAqeoK1l3j14YzX5-E/s1600/Sir+J+J+Thomson.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5567134934744328866" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 169px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 218px" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgU-QntkdLndD4_jW98xqvz5LmoP4rzjDnJUPPpWwoekjE-nvl3EYPwuuTQtrsP0KfummO5zS72WT2j3BviogKW3yQ88FdQYOD7LBDpITLVl5lyq0qQaQj2e_NKekAqeoK1l3j14YzX5-E/s320/Sir+J+J+Thomson.jpg" border="0" /></a><strong>Sir Joseph John Thomson</strong> was a British physicist and Nobel laureate. He is well known for the discovery of the electron and of isotopes and also the invention of the mass spectrometer. He was awarded with <strong>Nobel Prize in Physics in 1906</strong> for the discovery of the electron and for his work on the conduction of electricity in gases. Thomson was <strong>born on December 18, 1856</strong> at Cheetham Hill near the industrial city of Manchester in England. His father sold rare books as a bookseller. This was their traditional family business. There was no scientific background at home, except his uncle who had a casual interest in meteorology and horticulture.<br /><br />Since childhood days Joseph had the habit of reading. But, life surrounded by books fueled his interest in reading. His family members encouraged him to take up engineering seeing his interest and sincere efforts at study. At the age of 14 he was admitted to Owens College, Manchester. Today this institution is famous as Victoria University of Manchester. Two Years after he joined the college his father passed away. His relatives took up the responsibility of his education. Fortunately, the John Dalton Scholarship also came his way, which further helped his education.<br /><br />At the age of 20, Thomson successfully completed his graduation in engineering and entered Trinity College, Combridge University on scholarship. The college was a favourite one among students interested in mathematics and science. A competitive examination called ‘Mathematics Tripos’ was conducted here. Thomson appeared for the examination and scored high grades. Like James Clerk Maxwell, he too stood second. Again, following Maxwell’s footsteps, he moved from mathematics to theoretical physics. Though he was not very good at performing experiments, he never underestimated the importance of it. In 1881, at the age of 24, he wrote a research paper, which gives us some idea about Einstein’s theories. In the paper he explained that energy and matter maintain a balance in nature. After obtaining his degree, he also received the fellowship at Trinity. He started research work at the renowned Cavendish Laboratory.<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFBhdN6m_Ep0peXGM-Pz6dZ3bsJ0jz12WV-1UZ4tDsFQ_fSnNycYFkdy4Ua6CxffY_z2SDoGz62K860_ohPZit07E0eymOrCRiSO8-WwbXWY_x_hq1V0ysx7dQsCLMMx9-7JLHBD_e2HY/s1600/J+J+Thomson+Wallpaper.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5567135187053185874" style="FLOAT: right; MARGIN: 0px 0px 10px 10px; WIDTH: 171px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 221px" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFBhdN6m_Ep0peXGM-Pz6dZ3bsJ0jz12WV-1UZ4tDsFQ_fSnNycYFkdy4Ua6CxffY_z2SDoGz62K860_ohPZit07E0eymOrCRiSO8-WwbXWY_x_hq1V0ysx7dQsCLMMx9-7JLHBD_e2HY/s320/J+J+Thomson+Wallpaper.jpg" border="0" /></a>In 1884, the head of the Cavendish Laboratory, Lord Rayleigh decided to relinquish his post and named the 28 year old J J Thomson as his successor. This created uproar. Though there was no doubt about his caliber, his young age caused the abashment. But Thomson lived up to the expectations and successfully managed the affairs of the institution for the next 34 years. He led the institution to become one of the best research institutions in the world. It was a happy coincidence that at the institution where he conducted research, he met his better half. Thomson believed that women could not be good researchers. So, when Rose Paget, a student, approached him with some questions, he thought that she could not follow anything. They married in 1890 and two years later, Rose gave birth to their first child, who later became the famous scientist George Paget Thomson (G P Thomson). In the presence of 80 year old J J Thomson, his son was conferred the Nobel Prize for physics in 1937. G.P. Thomson was awarded the prize for his research on the demonstration of wave nature of electrons.<br /><br />In 1887, Thomson discovered a very minute particle-electron, and came to be known as the ‘Father of Electron’. With this discovery he proved electrical characteristic property of matter. It was a time when extensive study of cathode rays was on. He stated that cathode rays consisted of electrically charged particles. Some scientists believed that cathode rays and electrically charged particles were totally different entities. But it was equally true that when the cathode rays collided with glass, they produced glow. An electrically charged particle or electron cannot be seen with naked eyes. Thomson also proved the fact that cathode rays deflected in presence of magnetic field, thus proving that cathode rays contained negatively charged particles. His critics argued that mere deflection of cathode rays in presence of magnetic field did not prove that the electrons were negatively charged. Thomson created better vacuum in the cathode ray tube to prove that the cathode rays deflected only due to magnetic and electric fields. He insisted that cathode rays were not just rays but the steam of electrons.<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWw8RbBgHz6EbJc9enBiOaD78WUVpAYpMgmSSzfHtoZMIJcP0vukkP5wqWs-ABTzJIXIvdIMKXeI3acjRpoDuh8H2iFqultr6I4SrZFEyTxynJDkYxQVWVrFG2SIzjX_Nk3qzsgNuQoeA/s1600/J+J+Thomson+Experiment.png"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5567134923640529058" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 331px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 305px" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWw8RbBgHz6EbJc9enBiOaD78WUVpAYpMgmSSzfHtoZMIJcP0vukkP5wqWs-ABTzJIXIvdIMKXeI3acjRpoDuh8H2iFqultr6I4SrZFEyTxynJDkYxQVWVrFG2SIzjX_Nk3qzsgNuQoeA/s320/J+J+Thomson+Experiment.png" border="0" /></a>Thomson calculated the velocity of rays by balancing the opposing deflections caused by magnetic and electric fields. Knowing this velocity and using a deflection from one of the fields, he was able to determine the ratio of electric charge (e) to mass (m) if the cathode rays. He also measured the weight of an electron and proved that it was 2000 times lighter in weight that hydrogen atom. He also determined that the velocity of an electron to be 1, 60,000 miles per second.<br /><br />J J Thomson’s basic research, led to the invention and usage of Television in our day-to-day life. TV is a cathode ray tube where electrons get deflected due to the effect of electric and magnetic fields. Thomson did the same, but none believed him way back in 1897. He even thought of photographing electron. He assigned the task to his student CTR Wilson, who in 1911, devised a method to observe tracks of charged particles by constructing what is now known as Wilson cloud chamber. For his wonderful invention, CTR Wilson was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1927. All such research established the existence of an electron and gave birth to a new science called electronics. With the end of World War I, Thomson gave up the directorship of Cavendish Laboratory to be the chairman of Trinity College. One of his colleague and a friend, Lord Eanest Rutherford, was handed over the charge of Cavendish Laboratory.<br /><br />Thomson was honoured with the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1906 for his research in electrical conductivity of gases. The British Government knighted him. Truly, he was a talented teacher, a researcher of the highest order, one who provided excellent leadership to young scientists. Eight of his students were recipients of the Nobel Prize. Sir J J Thomson was known as the ‘Man who split atom’. He also wrote several high quality books for students. Sir J J Thomson, the great scientist, died at the ripe old age of 84 in1940.<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiakYrYsG7enjDvi2gR4r1c97JV4GeU7VygxESDSVKcPQZ9VineeizT9MYnTy0AStZtiTBLeaa_8UxrM9a5sm3q3TjFVqX-wjRB6pvZInKNQ2QLQxrctK1QMliBzs2yw2zGlLz8NMBluQE/s1600/J+J+Thomson+Picture.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5567134930844178178" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 171px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 213px" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiakYrYsG7enjDvi2gR4r1c97JV4GeU7VygxESDSVKcPQZ9VineeizT9MYnTy0AStZtiTBLeaa_8UxrM9a5sm3q3TjFVqX-wjRB6pvZInKNQ2QLQxrctK1QMliBzs2yw2zGlLz8NMBluQE/s320/J+J+Thomson+Picture.jpg" border="0" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-dtzm6Z5eQoZqYp6Hu3D9rI1HyXhN_i4FgZDaFL1t071blbcbyetGU1JzKnDpryzOoQfNBA1yS059G6p99q1lO0E_mmbx4uEhaY9jex8O87i83BcBErDvRv0rlFHdb4PmhZZOC4f6ZlI/s1600/J+J+Thomson+photo.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5567134925467737458" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 170px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 213px" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-dtzm6Z5eQoZqYp6Hu3D9rI1HyXhN_i4FgZDaFL1t071blbcbyetGU1JzKnDpryzOoQfNBA1yS059G6p99q1lO0E_mmbx4uEhaY9jex8O87i83BcBErDvRv0rlFHdb4PmhZZOC4f6ZlI/s320/J+J+Thomson+photo.jpg" border="0" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPCHIe0VOb6JgE5seHHclDZPybphbva7uKG4TUYLbrzS6CEyQPMTtLZutLAWSkkDtKGA5O2uPRUL7b_ESOznFsF-Krc9GgvAwZYYBk201FSFW5XJ-pIb2wAv3U8EWTaFqQt3A7KbJUFVk/s1600/J+J+Thomson+Images.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5567134928602559458" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 174px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 212px" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPCHIe0VOb6JgE5seHHclDZPybphbva7uKG4TUYLbrzS6CEyQPMTtLZutLAWSkkDtKGA5O2uPRUL7b_ESOznFsF-Krc9GgvAwZYYBk201FSFW5XJ-pIb2wAv3U8EWTaFqQt3A7KbJUFVk/s320/J+J+Thomson+Images.jpg" border="0" /></a></div>Braj Kishor Singhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17590802576861302441noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5062575314837303624.post-75038461141369005272011-01-24T12:49:00.001+05:302011-01-24T13:06:33.285+05:30Albert Michelson (1852 – 1931)<div align="justify"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRulCm2lWwhSDjzh2IoJaUZrQrbO7Te1qbZJDqD5HFFI-2Q21AEuip_C46mlc-GhvxA8g6qS_uUYdn_UcIvrvcLMOCcm5zOfhUzzpBVET2RzuKeZg65K4i1w8r7s6ycre90xxgjE8E7pI/s1600/Albert+Abraham+Michelson.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5565649059991612914" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 160px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 203px" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRulCm2lWwhSDjzh2IoJaUZrQrbO7Te1qbZJDqD5HFFI-2Q21AEuip_C46mlc-GhvxA8g6qS_uUYdn_UcIvrvcLMOCcm5zOfhUzzpBVET2RzuKeZg65K4i1w8r7s6ycre90xxgjE8E7pI/s320/Albert+Abraham+Michelson.jpg" border="0" /></a><strong>Albert Abraham Michelson</strong> was an American physicist known for his work on the measurement of the speed of light and especially for the Michelson-Morley experiment. He was the first American to win a Nobel Prize for Physics (1907). Albert Michelson was born on <strong>December 19, 1852, </strong>to a German Jewish couple in Strelno (now Strzelno), Prussia (presently in Poland). In 1848, the Liberals in Germany advocated equality in taxes and freedom of speech. But by the time of Albert’s birth it was almost clear to them that the changing political scenario would make it difficult for them to live in Germany. And they started leaving the country to safer places. Some of them came to America and among them were the Michelsons who reached New York in 1854. Albert was just two years old then.<br /><br />After a while, they sailed to the western shore and reached California. By 1849, California had acquired the reputation of the promised land of gold. Albert’s father, Samuel Michelson owned a small dry-fruit shop in Cleaver’s country. Albert received primary education in the local school. For high school, he was sent to San Francisco. He was a bright student. Besides mathematics and science, he was well-versed in handling mechanical devices. For his adroitness, he was given charge of the scientific equipment in the school laboratory. He was paid $ 3 per month for his work.<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhK4Q2wg3g3YuiTYXpTz_UBfm2ISmgdfsbs8QAd5fqrlX3iquoHdFAEeO6261CxWtUcEiPqmRkDzLY2OmbLFIsj5z-SErpoJsyGSkYon_R4iSbBWCnEQGwQIRjzCuOPQI35Cil9ZnpwNxI/s1600/Albert+Abraham+Michelson+Photo.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5565650485341783650" style="FLOAT: right; MARGIN: 0px 0px 10px 10px; WIDTH: 177px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 203px" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhK4Q2wg3g3YuiTYXpTz_UBfm2ISmgdfsbs8QAd5fqrlX3iquoHdFAEeO6261CxWtUcEiPqmRkDzLY2OmbLFIsj5z-SErpoJsyGSkYon_R4iSbBWCnEQGwQIRjzCuOPQI35Cil9ZnpwNxI/s320/Albert+Abraham+Michelson+Photo.jpg" border="0" /></a>In 1868, when Albert turned 16, his family moved to Verginia in Neveda State. Here silver mining was a major activity at that time. A year after they came here, his brother Charles was born, followed by the birth of his sister Mariam the next year. Charles went on to earn name as the publicity director of the Democratic Party during American President Franklin D Roosevelt’s regime. Albert graduated from the Naval Academy in 1873. As per Academy rules, he served in the American Navy as ‘assignee’ for two years. On completion of duty, he was called back at the academy and appointed as teacher of physics and chemistry. During this time he developed an interest in the study of light especially the various techniques to measure the speed of light, which sustained throughout his life.<br /><br />Using Foucault’s method of revolving mirrors, Michelson developed his unique technique to measure the speed of light. With some lens available in his laboratory besides spending $ 10, he developed his technique. He could accurately measure the speed of light in the vicinity of 500 feet. In 1878, his first research paper was published in the American Journal of Science. It was titled ‘Measuring the Velocity of Light’. Using this new technique, the speed of light was found to be 1, 86,508 miles/second.<br /><br />Thereafter, he concentrated on the colours seen in a soap bubble. He studied the refraction in the surface area of the bubble. He explained that if the layer of soap film has half the wavelength of light, the two waves do not interfere and hence, do not get destroyed. Sir Isaac Newton too had studied the studied the colours in bubble. But he did not believe in the arguments regarding the wavelength of light, so could not put forth any explanation for it.<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_YPyVwvlapunG5jhGPIXEFAqESFsf1HzSGiV5SIbD_SSnQrmYcgCMFIK2cK3JfVy1MLOZR4RoZLVWTPJMxVeBMAwZ997ra5fvaEx8ED-22RdYzDkteMDG9Vhgz4CVrQ_gZy3fAhA8mUY/s1600/Albert+Abraham+Michelson+Images.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5565649063132425330" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 247px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 298px" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_YPyVwvlapunG5jhGPIXEFAqESFsf1HzSGiV5SIbD_SSnQrmYcgCMFIK2cK3JfVy1MLOZR4RoZLVWTPJMxVeBMAwZ997ra5fvaEx8ED-22RdYzDkteMDG9Vhgz4CVrQ_gZy3fAhA8mUY/s320/Albert+Abraham+Michelson+Images.jpg" border="0" /></a>It was known then that if the thickness of the soap film is known the speed of light can be determined. But it was a difficult task. In 1887, Michelson designed an instrument that made him world famous. This device was called ‘Michelson’ Interferometer’. Even today in colleges’ students of physics use this device to measure the wavelength of light. Here, a partially silvered glass plate divides a light ray into two parts and two such waves coming form different directions would get refracted and interfere to form straight fringes under certain conditions, making it easier to measure the wavelength.<br /><br />A mystery that puzzled scientists then was whether light waves need a medium to travel like sound waves. How does light travel from the Sun to the Earth? Scientists thought of a substance called ether, but were not sure about it. Michelson and his assistant Morley performed the experiment to test the ether hypothesis. At that time Michelson was professor of physics at the school of Applied Sciences in Cleveland. He later moved to Clarke University and in 1892 joined Chicago University as professor of physics and head of the department. Here, he could concentrate more on research, as his lectures were limited. He was a great disciplinarian. He always assessed his findings. Probably this could be the reason he could not mix freely with his students like Einstein or Fleming. But he had a tender heart and music was his only hobby. He was a good violinist and taught violin to two of his six children from two marriages.<br /><br />The world of science always held Michelson in high esteem. Several institutions honoured him. He was honoured with the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1907, the first American to receive the award. Eleven universities all over the world conferred on him honorary doctorates. London’s Royal Society awarded him the Rumford Medal. He was also honoured with the Grand Prize in Paris and Exposition Prize in Rome. In 1892, the International Bureau for Weights and Measurements in Paris honoured him by awarding him an honorary Membership.<br /><br />In 1926, Michelson performed a new experiment to measure the speed of light. In this experiment too he used Foucault’s principle of revolving mirrors. For this a special centre was set up on Mount Wilson in California. Exactly 22 miles, i.e. about 35 kms away on Mt San Antonio, another mirror was placed. Then light waves were sent from Mt Wilson. At the same time mirrors started revolving. The light wave traveled to Mt San Antonio, got reflected from the revolving mirrors and returned to Mt Wilson. During this period the mirror had completed a sixth of its revolution. Thus, he once again proved his technique to measure the speed of light. Michelson worked till his last breath. This great scientist died due to brain hemorrhage at the age of 79 on May 9, 1931.</div>Braj Kishor Singhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17590802576861302441noreply@blogger.com0